Adead mall,[1] also known as aghost mall orzombie mall, is ashopping mall that has low consumer traffic or isdeteriorating in some manner.[2]
Many malls inNorth America are considered "dead" when they have no survivinganchor store or successor that could attract people to the mall. Without the pedestrian traffic that department stores previously generated, sales volumes decline for almost all stores and rental revenues from those stores can no longer sustain the costly maintenance of the malls.[3][4]
Structural changes in the department-store industry have also made survival of these malls difficult. These changes have contributed to some areas or suburbs having insufficient traditional department stores to fill all the existing larger-lease-areaanchor spaces. A few large national chains have replaced many local and regional chains, and some national chains are defunct.
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In theUS andCanada, newer "big box" chains (also referred to as "category killers") such asWalmart,Target Corporation andBest Buy normally prefer purpose-built free-standing buildings rather than using mall-anchor spaces.[5] Twenty-first-century retailing trends favor open airlifestyle centers; which resemble elements ofpower centers, big box stores, and strip malls; and (most disruptively for storefronts)online shopping over indoor malls.[6] The massive change ledNewsweek to declare the indoor mall format obsolete in 2008.[7] The year 2007 marked the first time since the 1950s that no new malls were built in the United States.[5] Most Canadian malls still remain indoors after renovations due to the harsh winter climate throughout most of the country, however theDon Mills Centre was turned into an open-air shopping plaza. Attitudes about malls have also been changing. With changing priorities, people have less time to spend driving to and strolling through malls and, during theGreat Recession, specialty stores offered what many shoppers saw as useless luxuries they could no longer afford. In this respect, big box stores and conventional strip malls have a time-saving advantage.[8]
The number of dead malls has increased significantly because the economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, with high vacancy rates in many of these malls.[9] From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10-20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.[9] In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher).[9]
Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".[9] Cowen Research reported that the number of malls in the U.S. grew more than twice as fast as the population between 1970 and 2015; Cowen also reported that shopping center "gross leasable area" in the U.S. is 40 percent more shopping space per capita than Canada and five times more than the U.K.[10]
Some malls have maintained profitability, particularly in areas with frequent inclement weather (or otherwise weather undesirable for outdoor activities, such as shopping in an open-air shopping/lifestyle center)[citation needed] or large populations of senior citizens who can partake inmall walking.[11] Combined with lower rents, these factors have led to companies likeSimon Malls enjoying high profits and occupancy averages of 92%.[12] Some retailers have also begun to re-evaluate the mall environment, a positive sign for the industry.[13]
Aretail apocalypse that started in the 2010s made the dead mall situation even more noticeable. This is due to the complete closing of several retailers, as well as anchor tenantsMacy's andJCPenney closing many locations and the sharp decline inSears Holdings. The trend was particularly noticeable whenPittsburgh Mills, a mall once worth as much as $190 million, was sold at aforeclosure sale for $100, with the mall itself being purchased bylien holderWells Fargo.[14][15]
It has been suggested that some malls die when the surrounding neighborhoods undergo ademographic change orsocio-economic decline.[5]
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated many issues affecting malls.[16] During theCOVID-19 pandemic, many malls closed temporarily due tostay-at-home orders.[17][18] A number of notable retailers filed for bankruptcy during the pandemic includingAscena Retail Group,Brooks Brothers,GNC,JCPenney,Lord & Taylor, andNeiman Marcus.
North American malls that have permanently closed citing the pandemic as a precipitating factor includeNorthgate Mall in Durham, North Carolina,Cascade Mall in Burlington, Washington, and theMetrocenter in Phoenix, Arizona.
Dead malls are occasionally redeveloped. Leasing or management companies may change the architecture, layout, decor, or other component of a shopping center to attract more renters and draw more profits. Several dead malls have been significantly renovated into open-air shopping centers.[19]
Redevelopment can involve a switch from retail usage to office or educational use for a building, such as is the case withEastgate Metroplex inTulsa, Oklahoma,[20]Park Central Mall inPhoenix,Eastmont Town Center inOakland, California,Windsor Park Mall inSan Antonio (now the global headquarters ofRackspace),Global Mall at the Crossings inNashville, Tennessee, and theCoral Springs Mall in Florida. Allegheny Center Mall, a retail mall just north of downtownPittsburgh,Pennsylvania, closed as a retail mall in the early 1990s. The mall was redeveloped into office space with much of the space taken by telecommunications carriers,data center operators, andInternet service providers, and is now a majorcarrier hotel serving southwestern Pennsylvania. Another use for a former mall can be seen inLexington, Kentucky, whereLexington Mall was partially demolished and converted into asatellite worship center for alocal megachurch.
Conversion from a shopping mall into an open-air, mixed-use area may entail the demolition of parts of or all of the former shopping mall. An example of this can be seen inFairfax County, Virginia, where the old Springfield Mall was converted intoSpringfield Town Center, amixed-use development that includes a 12-screen movie theatre, shops, and restaurants with outdoor seating and entrances. When the structures are demolished completely, it is known as agreyfield site. In jurisdictions such asVermont (with a strict permitting process) or in major urban areas (where open fields are long gone), this greyfielding can be much easier and cheaper than building on agreenfield site. An example of this type of redevelopment isPrestonwood Town Center inDallas andVoorhees Town Center inVoorhees Township,New Jersey. Also, inBoardman, Ohio, theSouthern Park Mall, demolished the formerSears building, to construct DeBartolo Commons.[21] The commons honors lateEdward J. DeBartolo Sr.
Amazon,FedEx,DHL,UPS and theUnited States Postal Service have already acquired the sites of some failed malls and converted them to fulfillment centers.[22] A proposal called "Re-Habit"[23] uses portions of struggling malls, particularly vacated big box space, for homeless housing.[24] As an example of this concept, the vacantMacy's in theLandmark Mall ofAlexandria, Virginia, has been converted into a temporary homeless shelter[25] for the Carpenter's Shelter.[26]
Some major healthcare systems such as Vanderbilt Health and the University of Rochester (UR) Health have converted several dying malls into new "health malls" or "mall to medicine". The large spaces allow for the easy conversion of space-intensive activities such as ambulatory surgical centers, while the multiple storefronts facilitate "one stop shopping" for all of health related needs. Roughly half of100 Oaks Mall in Nashville, TN is now dedicated toVanderbilt University Medical Center.[27] Following the model, it is expanding to other dead or dying malls throughout its region,[28] whileUniversity of Rochester Medical Center is converting roughly one-third ofThe Marketplace Mall in Henrietta, NY.[29]
