Plant taxonomic system
TheDe Candolle system is asystem of plant taxonomy by French (Swiss)botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778−1841).
The first taxonomic system by de Candolle, who introduced the termtaxonomy , appeared in his description of the plants of France, hisFlore française (1805–1815), in 5 volumes dealing withplant species found in France .
The De Candolle system is a subsequent taxonomic system.
It was originally published by de Candolle in theThéorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l’art de décrire et d’etudier les végétaux (1813).[ 1] It was further developed and published in editions of the very extensive but unfinishedProdromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Prodromus ) (1824–1873), dealing only with dicotyledons.[ 2] The abbreviationSyst. in de Candolle's work and subsequent literature refers to hisRegni vegetabilis systema naturale .
The De Candolle system recognises the following groups of vascular plants (references toProdromus ). Within theProdromus he cross references his earlierRegni vegetabilis systema naturale .
A general schema is laid out in theRegnii vegetabilis pp. 117–122, as follows:[ 3]
Plantae Vasculares seu Cotyledoneae DC.[ 4]
classis I. DICOTYLEDONEÆ seu Exogenae [Part 1 p. 1]subclassis 1.THALAMIFLORÆ [Part I] subclassis 2. CALYCIFLORÆ [Parts II - VII] subclassis 3. COROLLIFLORÆ [Parts VIII - XIII(1)] subclassis 4. MONOCHLAMYDEÆ [Parts XIII(2) - XVI] classis II. MONOCOTYLEDONEÆ Vol ITable of genera p. 57 Introduction (also published separately):Principes élémentaires de botanique p. 61ff .[ 5] Vol IIClass I: Acotylédones p. 1 11 families
Vol III[ 6] Class II: Monocotylédonés Phanérogames p. 1 Class III: Dicotylédonés p. 269 Vol IV - 2 partsVol V[ 8]
[ edit ] List of De Candolle systemfamilies recognized in theThéorie élémentaire de la botanique [ 1]
I. VÉGÉTAUX VASCULAIRES OU COTYLÉDONÉS p. 213 (113 families)1. Exogènes ou dicotylédones p. 213 2. Endogènes ou monocotylédonés p. 219A. Phanérogames p. 219 (21 families)114. Cycadées p. 219 124. Amaryllidées 128. Liliacées1. Asparagées 2. Trilliacées 3. Asphodelées 4. Bromeliées 5. Tulipacées 135. Graminées B. Cryptogames p. 220 (4 families) II. VÉGÉTAUX CELLULAIRES OU ACOTYLÉDONÉS p. 220 (6 families) The De Candolle systemfamilies were further developed in theProdromus [ 2]
Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules forbotanical nomenclature . Here, afamily is indicated as "ordo". Terminations for families were not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective, the present dayICBN provides for this.
Within thedicotyledons ("classis primaDICOTYLEDONEÆ ") the De Candolle system recognises (Pagination fromProdromus , 17 Parts) the list:[ 2]
[ edit ] ordo I. RANUNCULACEÆ (Page 1) ordo II. DILLENIACEÆ (Page 67) ordo III. MAGNOLIACEÆ (Page 77) ordo IV. ANONACEÆ [sic] (Page 83) ordo V. MENISPERMACEÆ (Page 95) ordo VI. BERBERIDEÆ (Page 105) ordo VII. PODOPHYLLACEÆ (Page 111) ordo VIII. NYMPHÆACEÆ ordo VIIIbis. SARRACENIACEÆ ordo IX. PAPAVERACEÆ ordo X. FUMARIACEÆ ordo XIbis. RESEDACEÆ ordo XI. CRUCIFERÆ ordo XII. CAPPARIDEÆ ordo XIII. FLACOURTIANEÆ ordo XIV. BIXINEÆ ordo XIVbis. LACISTEMACEÆ ordo XV. CISTINEÆ ordo XVI. VIOLARIEÆ (Page 287) ordo XVII. DROSERACEÆ ordo XVIII. POLYGALACEÆ ordo XIX. TREMANDREÆ ordo XX. PITTOSPOREÆ ordo XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ ordo XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ ordo XXIII. LINEÆ ordo XXIV. MALVACEÆ ordo XXV. BOMBACEÆ [sic] ordo XXVI. BYTTNERIACEÆ ordo XXVII. TILIACEÆ ordo XXVIII. ELÆOCARPEÆ ordo XXIX. CHLENACEÆ ordo XXIXbis. ANCISTROCLADEÆ ordo XXIXter. DIPTEROCARPEÆ ordo XXIXter.[sic] LOPHIRACEÆ ordo XXX. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ ordo XXXI. CAMELLIEÆ ordo XXXII. OLACINEÆ ordo XXXIII. AURANTIACEÆ ordo XXXIV. HYPERICINEÆ ordo XXXV. GUTTIFERÆ ordo XXXVI. MARCGRAVIACEÆ ordo XXXVII. HIPPOCRATEACEÆ ordo XXXVIII. ERYTHROXYLEÆ ordo XXXIX. MALPIGHIACEÆ ordo XL. ACERINEÆ ordo XLI. HIPPOCASTANEÆ ordo XLII. RHIZOBOLEÆ ordo XLIII. SAPINDACEÆ ordo XLIV. MELIACEÆ ordo XLV. AMPELIDEÆ ordo XLVI. GERANIACEÆ ordo XLVII. TROPÆOLEÆ ordo XLVIII. BALSAMINEÆ ordo XLIX. OXALIDEÆ ordo L. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ ordo LI. RUTACEÆ ordo LII. SIMARUBEÆ [sic] ordo LIII. OCHNACEÆ ordo LIV. CORIARIEÆ (Page 739) (Index to Part I p. 741)
[ edit ] ordo LV. CELASTRINEÆ [Part II],(Page 2) ordo LVI. RHAMNEÆ ordo LVII. BRUNIACEÆ ordo LVIII. SAMYDEÆ ordo LIX. HOMALINEÆ ordo LX. CHAILLETIACEÆ ordo LXI. AQUILARINEÆ ordo LXII. TEREBINTHACEÆ ordo LXIII. LEGUMINOSÆ ordo LXIV. ROSACEÆ (Page 525) ordo LXV. CALYCANTHEÆ [Part III], (Page 1) ordo LXVbis. MONIMIACEÆ ordo LXVI. GRANATEÆ ordo LXVII. MEMECYLEÆ ordo LXVIII. COMBRETACEÆ ordo LXIX. VOCHYSIEÆ ordo LXX RHIZOPHOREÆ ordo LXXI. ONAGRARIEÆ ordo LXXII. HALORAGEÆ ordo LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ ordo LXXIV. LYTHRARIEÆ ordo LXXIVbis. CRYPTERONIACEÆ ordo LXXV. TAMARISCINEÆ ordo LXXVI. MELASTOMACEÆ ordo LXXVII. ALANGIEÆ ordo LXXVIII. PHILADELPEÆ ordo LXXIX. MYRTACEÆ ordo LXXX. CUCURBITACEÆ ordo LXXXI. PASSIFLOREÆ ordo LXXXII. LOASEÆ ordo LXXXIII. TURNERACEÆ ordo LXXXIV. FOUQUIERACEÆ ordo LXXXV. PORTULACEÆ ordo LXXXVI. PARONYCHIEÆ ordo LXXXVII. CRASSULACEÆ ordo LXXXVIII. FICOIDEÆ (Page 415) ordo LXXXIX. CACTEÆ ordo XC. GROSSULARIEÆ ordo XCI. SAXIFRAGACEÆ [Part IV], (Page 1) ordo XCII. UMBELLIFERÆ ordo XCIII. ARALIACEÆ ordo XCIV. HAMAMELIDEÆ ordo XCV. CORNEÆ ordo XCVbis. HELWINGIACEÆ ordo XCVI. LORANTHACEÆ ordo XCVII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ ordo XCVIII. RUBIACEÆ ordo XCIX. VALERIANEÆ ordo C. DIPSACEÆ (Page 643) ordo CI. CALYCEREÆ [Part V], (Page 1) ordo CII. COMPOSITÆ (Page 4); [Part VI], (Page 1); [Part VII], (Page 1) ordo CIII. STYLIDIEÆ [Part VII] ordo CIV. LOBELIACEÆ ordo CV. CAMPANULACEÆ ordo CVI. CYPHIACEÆ ordo CVII. GOODENOVIEÆ ordo CVIII. ROUSSÆACEÆ ordo CIX. GESNERIACEÆ ordo CX. SPHENOCLEACEÆ ordo CXI. COLUMELLIACEÆ ordo CXII. NAPOLEONEÆ ordo CXIII. VACCINIEÆ ordo CXIV. ERICACEÆ (Page 580) (Four tribes) Arbuteae (Page 580) Andromedae (Page 588) Ericeae (Page 612) Rhodoreae (Page 712) (Two subtribes) Rhododendreae (712) (Nine genera) Rhododendron (719) (Six sections)Buramia (720)Hymenanthes (721)Eurhododendron (721)Pogonanthum (725)Chamaecistus (725)Tsutsusi (726)Kalmia (728)Ledeae (729) ordo CXV. EPACRIDEÆ (Page 734) ordo CXVI. PYROLACEÆ ordo CXVII. FRANCOACEÆ ordo CXVIII. MONOTROPEÆ (Page 779) [ edit ] ordo CXIX. LENTIBULARIEÆ (Page 1) ordo CXX. PRIMULACEÆ ordo CXXI. MYRSINEACEÆ ordo CXXII. ÆGICERACEÆ ordo CXXIII. THEOPHRASTACEÆ ordo CXXIV. SAPOTACEÆ ordo CXXV. EBENACEÆ ordo CXXVI. STYRACACEÆ ordo CXXVII. OLEACEÆ ordo CXXVIIbis. SALVADORACEÆ ordo CXXVIII. JASMINEÆ ordo CXXIX. APOCYNACEÆ ordo CXXX. ASCLEPIADEÆ (Page 460) ordo CXXX[a?] LEONIACEÆ ordo CXXXI. LOGANIACEÆ [Part IX], (Page 1) ordo CXXXII. GENTIANACEÆ ordo CXXXIII. BIGNONIACEÆ ordo CXXXIV. SESAMEÆ ordo CXXXV. CYRTANDRACEÆ ordo CXXXVI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ ordo CXXXVII. POLEMONIACEÆ ordo CXXXVII. [sic] CONVOLVULACEÆ ordo CXXXVIII. ERICYBEÆ ordo CXXXIX. BORRAGINEÆ [sic] (Page 466); [Part X], (Page 1) ordo CXL. HYDROLEACEÆ ordo CXLII. SCROPHULARIACEÆ (Page 186) ordo CXLII(I).[sic] SOLANACEÆ [Part XIII (1)], (Pages 1 – 692)out of sequence ordo CXLIV. OROBRANCHACEÆ [Part XI], (Page 1) ordo CXLV. ACANTHACEÆ ordo CXLVI. PHRYMACEÆ ordo CXLVII VERBENACEÆ ordo CXLVIII MYOPORACEÆ (Page 701) ordo CXLIX SELAGINACEÆ [Part XII], (Page 1) ordo CL. LABIATÆ ordo CLI. STILBACEÆ ordo CLII. GLOBULARIACEÆ ordo CLIII. BRUNONIACEÆ ordo CLIV. PLUMBAGINEÆ (Page 617) ordo CLV.[?] PLANTAGINACEÆ [Part XIII], (Page 693) [ edit ] ordo CLVI. PHYTOLACCACEÆ (Page 2) ordo CLVII. SALSOLACEÆ ordo CLVIII. BASELLACEÆ ordo CLIX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic] ordo CLX. NYCTAGINACEÆ (Page 425) ordo CLXI. POLYGONACEÆ [Part XIV], (Pages 1 – 186) ordo CLXII. LAURACEÆ [Part XIV], (Page 186); [Part XV(1)], (Pages 1 – 260)out of sequence ordo CLXIII. MYRISTICACEÆ (Page 187) ordo CLXIV. PROTEACEÆ (Page 209) ordo CLXV. PENÆACEÆ ordo CLXVI. GEISSOLOMACEÆ (Page 491) ordo CLXVII. THYMELÆACEÆ ordo CLXVIII. ELÆAGNACEÆ ordo CLXIX. GRUBBIACEÆ ordo CLXX. SANTALACEÆ (Page 619) ordo CLXXI. HERNANDIACEÆ [Part XV(1)], (Page 1) ordo CLXXII. BEGONIACEÆ ordo CLXXIII. DATISCACEÆ ordo CLXXIV. PAPAYACEÆ ordo CLXXV. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ ordo CLXXVbis. NEPENTHACEÆ ordo CLXXVI. STACKHOUSIACEÆ (Page 419) [sic] ordo CLXXVIII. EUPHORBIACEÆ [Part XV(2)], (Page 1) ordo CLXXIX. DAPHNIPHYLLACEÆ [Part XVI(1)], (Page 1) ordo CLXXX. BUXACEÆ ordo CLXXXbis. BATIDACEÆ ordo CLXXXI. EMPETRACEÆ ordo CLXXXII. CANNABINEÆ ordo CLXXXIII. ULMACEÆ ordo CLXXXIIIbis. MORACEÆ ordo CLXXXIV. ARTOCARPEÆ ordo CLXXXV. URTICACEÆ ordo CLXXXVI. PIPERACEÆ [sic] ordo CLXXXVIII. CHLORANTHACEÆ ordo CLXXXIX. GARRYACEÆ (Page 486) ordo CXC. CUPULIFERÆ [Part XVI(2)], (Page 1) ordo CXCI. CORYLACEÆ (Page 124) ordo CXCII. JUGLANDEÆ (Page 134) ordo CXCIII. MYRICACEÆ (Page 147) ordo CXCIV. PLATANACEÆ ordo CXCV. BETULACEÆ (Page 161) ordo CXCVI. SALICINEÆ (Page 190) ordo CXCVII CASUARINEÆ (Page 332) Somewhat inconsistently theProdromus also treats:
GYMNOSPERMÆ [Part XVI(2)], (Page 345)ordo CXCVIII. GNETACEÆ (Page 347) ordo CXCIX. CONIFERÆ (Page 361) ordo CC. CYCADACEÆ (Pages 522 - 547) incertæ sedis ordo (dubiæ affin.) LENNOACEÆ ordo (affin. dubiæ) PODOSTEMACEÆ ordo num.? CYTINACEÆ ordo incertae sedis BALANOPHORACEÆ (Overall Index Part XVII Page 323)
de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1818–1821).Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols de Candolle, AP (1819) [1813].Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux de Candolle, AP (1824–1873).Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta Gallica )de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste ;de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815a).Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique (vol. III) (3 ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved29 October 2014 .de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815b).Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique (vol. V) (3 ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved29 October 2014 .
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published byLindley in his 1853 edition, andDahlgren (1982). Examples include the works ofScopoli ,Ventenat ,Batsch andGrisebach .
John Ray system (1686–1704) A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Nineteenth century
Twentieth century
