David Cusick | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1780 |
| Died | c. 1831 or 1840 |
| Nationality | Tuscarora |
| Education | Self-taught |
| Known for | Engraving,illustration,painting |
| Movement | Iroquois Realist Movement |
David Cusick (c. 1780 – 1840) was aTuscarora artist and the author ofDavid Cusick's Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Nations (1827). This is an early (if not the first) account ofNative American history andmyth, written and published inEnglish by a Native American.
Cusick was born between 1780 and 1785, probably onOneida land in upstateNew York.[1][2] He wasTuscarora.[3] His father,Nicholas Cusick (1756–1840), was aRevolutionary War veteran and an interpreter for theCongregationalist mission to theSeneca.[4]: 129 [2] He most likely attended a mission school where he learned to read and write English.[5] David's younger brother,Dennis Cusick, was a watercolor painter, and together the two brothers help establish what the critic William C. Sturvetant has called the Iroquois realist school of painting.[6] David served in theWar of 1812,[7] during which his village was burned by the British.
He was a physician,[2] painter, and student of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) oral tradition. He is thought to have died around 1840.[8]
Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Nations "was the first Native-authored, Native-printed, and Native-copyrighted text" in what is now the United States;[3] Cusick published the first edition ofSketches as a 28-page pamphlet at Lewiston, New York, in 1825[9] or 1827.[1] He re-issued it the following year with additional text and four of his own engravings.[10] TheSketches was republished in 1848[11] and again in 1892. Cusick printed at least some editions with his own money.[12]Sketches was a source for several 19th-century works on Iroquois oral tradition.[13]
Sketches describes about 2,800 years of history.[13] It is divided into three parts. The first part describes Good Mind, who created people called Eagwehoewe. The second describes the Eagwehoewe's experiences with malevolent beings called the Stonish Giants andFlying Heads, among others. Part three is about the Eagwehoewe's creation of a "chain of alliance" with one another.[14]
The narrative begins by describing "two worlds" in existence among the "ancients": a dark "lower world" and an "upper world" inhabited by humans.[15] The narrative describes the twin brothers Enigorio and Enigonhahetgea (the good spirit and evil spirit) and their creatures, the Eagwehoewe (the people) and their enemies the Ronnongwetowanca (giants).[16] The earliest people were championed by thehero Donhtonha and the less heroic Yatatonwatea and plagued by the mischievous Shotyeronsgwea. Other characters include Big Quisquiss, the BigElk, and the Lake Serpent.[17]
Villains include Konearaunehneh (Flying Heads), the Lake Serpent, the Otneyarheh (Stonish Giants), the snake with the human head, the Oyalkquoher or Oyalquarkeror (the Big Bear), the great musqueto, Kaistowanea (the serpent with two heads), the great Lizard, and thewitches introduced by the Skaunyatohatihawk or Nanticokes.[18]
Early critics ofSketches, includingHenry David Thoreau,Henry Schoolcraft, andFrancis Parkman, dismissed the text. Critic Joshua David Bellin notes that, "considering how rareSketches was—rare both in numbers and, as the first self-proclaimed history in English by a North American Indian, in kind—the attention, and hostility, it drew are little short of remarkable".[19]
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