David Brown was convicted ofsedition because of his criticism of the United Statesfederal government and received the harshest sentence for anyone under theSedition Act of 1798 for erecting theDedham Liberty Pole.
Originally fromBethlehem, Connecticut,[1] Brown was a veteran of theAmerican Revolutionary War.[2][a] It is unknown what Brown did after his release from prison, or where or when he died.[4]
Brown thought the wealthy had gained too much political power in the new republic: "All our administration is fast approaching toLords andCommons as possible, that a few men should possess the whole country and the rest be tenants to the others."[1] Additionally, he thought the current system created a cycle in which the elites used their wealth to gain more political power, and then used their political power to create more wealth.[1]
This, plus the fact that elected officials only represented speculators, and not the common man, meant that representative government did not work in his opinion.[1] He believed that Americans would soon find themselves "the same chains of American tyrants that we once sported ourselves from under Britain."[1]
He accused Federalist leaders of wanting a submissive, unthinking populace.[1] He said they set themselves about the people, and expected them, like "the subjects of Julius Caesar, we must bow down and worship our Leaders as the Gods of Jupiter and Mars."[5] Brown thought if people didn't fight back they were "to be brought into abject slavery."[5] He worried that if Congress did not start listening to the public that the public "will finally break out like the burning mountain ofAetna, and we'll have an unconditional redress of their grievances."[5]
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In the early American republic, Brown went throughout the towns arguing against the newly formed national United States government.[6][1] He had written a treatise entitle "Dissertations," and would preach from it as he traveled, hoping to raise enough money to print it before the next election.[1][b]Fisher Ames called him a "wandering apostle of sedition" who spread "bold falsehoods" and "artful and inflammatory sophistry."[7]
After two years of touring New England, he arrived inDedham, Massachusetts in November 1798.[1] There, Brown led a group includingBenjamin Fairbanks in setting up aliberty pole with the words, "NoStamp Act, NoSedition Act, NoAlien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President,"[6][8][9][1] referring to then-PresidentJohn Adams and Vice PresidentThomas Jefferson.[c]
Brown was arrested inAndover, Massachusetts but because he could not afford the $4,000 bail, he was taken toSalem for trial.[10][11] The Federalist press at the time was convinced there were others like him, causing trouble and raising liberty poles in every corner of the state.[11]
Brown was indicted in June 1799.[11][6] He initially pled not guilty, but when he saw the strength of the government's case against him he changed his plea to guilty.[11][6] Despite the guilty plea, JusticeSamuel Chase wanted him to name everybody who had helped him or who subscribed to his writings.[6][11] Brown refused, saying doing so would cause him to "lose all my friends."[11]
Chase called seven prosecution witnesses to testify against Brown but Brown, who did not have a lawyer, was not able to cross examine them.[7] One witness testified that he had heard Brown teaching that the aim of government "was to plunder and steal."[7] This same witness said he had a large effect on those who heard him.[7]
Despite sentencingBenjamin Fairbanks to a very light penalty for his part in erecting the pole, Chase came down hard on Brown for the "malignity and magnitude" of his crimes.[7] Brown apologized to the judge and promised not to repeat the behavior.[7] He also asked the judge not to impose a fine, as he had no way of paying it off.[7]
Chase fined him $400, plus $80 in court fees.[7][10][12] He then sentenced Brown to 18 months in prison, the most severe sentence then imposed under theAlien and Sedition Acts.[6][10][7][d]
In December 1800, at the end of his term, Brown could not afford to pay the fine and President Adams refused to set him free.[6][14] In February 1801, approaching two years, the longest sentence of anyone under the Sedition Act, Brown again appealed to Adams and was again denied.[2]
In 1801, newly elected PresidentThomas Jefferson pardoned Brown along with all violators of the act.[6][15]
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