| "The Dark Phoenix Saga" | |
|---|---|
 Cover ofUncanny X-Men vol. 135, July 1980, art byJohn Byrne | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| Publication date | January – October1980 |
| Genre | |
| Title(s) | The Uncanny X-Men #129–138 |
| Main character(s) | X-Men Hellfire Club Lilandra Shi'ar Imperial Guard Phoenix Force |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | Chris Claremont John Byrne |
| Penciller(s) | John Byrne |
| Inker(s) | Terry Austin |
| Letterer(s) | Tom Orzechowski |
| Colorist(s) | Glynis Wein |
| Dark Phoenix Saga | ISBN 0-7851-2213-3 |
"The Dark Phoenix Saga" is an extendedX-Mencomic-book storyline published byMarvel Comics. Created by writerChris Claremont and artistJohn Byrne, the storylinefirst appeared inX-Men #129 (January 1980).[1] It focuses on thesuperheroJean Grey and the cosmic entityPhoenix Force. The storyline commonly refers to the story inUncanny X-Men #129–138 (January – October 1980) of Jean Grey's corruption by the power of the Phoenix and theHellfire Club, the destruction she causes, and ultimately her death. Sometimes included is Jean Grey's assumption of the Phoenix power and the repair of theM'Kraan Crystal inUncanny X-Men #101–108 (October 1976 – December 1977).
"The Dark Phoenix Saga" is one of the most well-known and heavily referenced stories in mainstream American superhero comics, and is widely considered to be a classic storyline by critics. Many of its characters who debuted in this story arc, such asKitty Pryde,Dazzler, andEmma Frost, would later go on to become some of the most popular comic book characters of all time.[2][3][4]
Since its introduction in comics, the storyline has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products. It was adapted forX-Men: The Animated Series (1992). It was later alluded to in the live-action filmX2 (2003). The live-action filmX-Men: The Last Stand (2006) contains some elements from the saga. The animated seriesWolverine and the X-Men (2009) adapted "The Dark Phoenix Saga" at the end of its first season, though it changed many elements of the story. Had there been a fifth season of the animated seriesX-Men: Evolution (2000), its own version of the four-partDark Phoenix would have been adapted. The live-actionX-Men filmDark Phoenix (2019) is an adaptation of the Hellfire arc of the story.
Returning from a mission in space, Jean Grey is exposed to the deadly radiation of a solar flare, and briefly attains her ultimate potential as a telepath and telekinetic. Jean becomes a being of pure thought, and then re-forms herself upon return to Earth with the new costume, identity and power of "Phoenix".[5] It is with this incredible power that Jean repairs the fracturedM'Kraan Crystal, but voluntarily restrains her powers afterward in order to keep them under control.[6]
Her vast potential makes her a target forMastermind, who is attempting to prove himself in order to join the prestigious Inner Circle of theHellfire Club. Under the identity of Jason Wyngarde, he begins to seduce Jean. With the help of a mind-tap device created by the Club's White Queen,Emma Frost, Mastermind projects his illusions directly into Phoenix's mind. These illusions cause her to believe that she is reliving the memories of an ancestor,Lady Grey, who in Mastermind's illusions was the Hellfire Club's Black Queen and the lover of one of Wyngarde's ancestors. Phoenix eventually accepts the Black Queen as her actual identity, a decadent role that allows her to relish the extremes of human emotion and begins to break down the barriers that she had erected.[7]
She helps the Hellfire Club capture theX-Men, and Jean's true loveCyclops faces Mastermind in a psychic duel.[8] When Mastermind kills Cyclops' psychic image, it breaks his hold over Jean's psyche and shatters the final barriers on her power. Experiencing this power in its totality overwhelms Jean, and she renames herself "Dark Phoenix". Enraged at Mastermind, she uses a telepathic illusion to make him experience godhood, driving him insane.[9] To break her ties with her less powerful identity as Jean Grey, she strikes down the X-Men and departs for a distant galaxy. However, her power proves to be far more limited than she thought; the intergalactic trip leaves her almost completely drained. To recharge, she devours the energy of the nearbyD'Bari star, causing asupernova which kills the entire population of the only civilized planet orbiting the star. AShi'ar vessel attacks to prevent her from destroying other stars. Dark Phoenix easily destroys the vessel, but not before they alert the Shi'ar EmpressLilandra.[10] A council of intergalactic associates is gathered, including theKree andSkrull empires, and concludes that Dark Phoenix is an even more serious threat than the planet-consumingGalactus and must be destroyed.
On Earth, the X-Men are greeted byAvengers member (and former X-Man)Beast. Dark Phoenix returns to Earth, to her family's home, and finds herself conflicted between her normal feelings for her loved ones and her new destructive impulses as Dark Phoenix. The X-Men attack her but are again defeated. Her mentor,Charles Xavier, arrives, and through a vicious psychic duel, he creates a new set of psychic "circuit-breakers" which reduce her to only her original Marvel Girl powers. This allows Jean's normal personality to reassert control.[11]
The Shi'ar abduct the X-Men, tell them of Dark Phoenix's casualgenocide, and declare that she must be put to death. Xavier challenges Lilandra to Arin'n Haelar, a Shi'ar duel of honor that cannot be refused. After conferring with the Kree and Skrulls, Lilandra agrees to Xavier's demand.
The next day, the X-Men and theShi'ar Imperial Guard are teleported to theBlue Area of the Moon to do battle, with the victors deciding the fate of Phoenix. The Imperial Guard defeat most of the X-Men, leaving Cyclops and Phoenix alone to make a final stand. When Cyclops is seemingly killed, Jean's panic overrides Xavier's psychic restraints and restores her to Dark Phoenix. Lilandra initiates Plan Omega, which would consist of destroying the wholeSolar System in hopes of eliminating Dark Phoenix in the process. Xavier orders the X-Men to subdue Jean to preempt Lilandra's emergency measure. They battle her until she regains her senses. Running inside one of the Blue Area's ruins, Jean, struggling to keep control, activates an ancient Kree weapon that disintegrates her after an emotional good-bye to Cyclops. He deduces that Jean had planned her sacrifice from the moment they had landed on the Moon.[12]
The story ends withUatu the Watcher commenting that "Jean Grey could have lived to become a god. But it was more important to her that she die...a human."[12]
According to Byrne, it had become a problem storywise that Claremont kept writing Phoenix stronger and stronger, making her the dominating element of the X-Men book.Steven Grant then suggested they should make her a villain to solve the issue, and eventually it seemed like the best solution to get the book back on track.[13]
The segment of the saga set at the Hellfire Club (Uncanny X-Men #132–134) was heavily inspired by theAvengers television episode "A Touch of Brimstone", and some of the characters' appearances were modeled after the cast of "A Touch of Brimstone" as a subtle acknowledgment of the inspiration.[14]
The ending of the story was a matter of intense controversy with the editorial staff. Jim Shooter's recollections are that the intent of the Dark Phoenix storyline was to introduce Dark Phoenix as a cosmic nemesis for the X-Men. This was what had been discussed amongst the creative team and Shooter, and this was the story development that had been approved. WhenUncanny X-Men issue 135 was in the final artwork stages, Shooter happened to look at the proofs for the issue and noticed that the story included the destruction of an inhabited solar system, with an explicit mention of billions of lives lost.[15][16]Louise Simonson feels it was Shooter's outrage over this plot element which led to him taking editorJim Salicrup off the series several issues earlier than he had been scheduled to.[17]
Upon questioning Salicrup about where the plot went from there, he was told that issue 137 ended with Jean being permanently depowered by the Shi'ar and released into the custody of the X-Men. Shooter disagreed with this development both from a storytelling standpoint as well as, secondarily, a moral standpoint, likening the ending to "taking the German army away from Hitler and letting him go back to governing Germany," and finding it out of character for the X-Men to retain friendly relations with a being who had committed genocide.[15] Byrne and Salicrup explained that they had no problem with this resolution because they had always thought of Dark Phoenix as a separate entity who had possessed Jean Grey, with Salicrup drawing an analogy tothe film adaptation ofThe Exorcist: "In the movie there's this little girl who's taken over and several people get killed, but by the end, when the demon's gone no one thinks, 'Let's kill that murderous little girl.'"[16] However, on reading the issues over they agreed with Shooter that from the reader's perspective, she did not seem to be possessed, and Claremont admitted that while writing the Dark Phoenix Saga he was never clear in his own mind whether Jean Grey was possessed or her actions as Dark Phoenix were her own.[16]
Shooter, during a conversation with Claremont, suggested a scenario where Jean would be permanently imprisoned as a compromise, and Claremont responded that such a scenario was unfeasible since in his opinion, the X-Men would want to continually try to rescue Jean from imprisonment. According to Shooter, Claremont out of frustration suggested that they kill off Jean completely. Although Shooter suggests that the proposed plot point was a bluff by Claremont, playing on the unwritten rule that main characters were not to be killed permanently, he accepted it, even over later objections by both Claremont and Byrne. Ultimately, it was decided by Byrne and Claremont to have Jean commit suicide after her Dark Phoenix persona resurfaces at the climax of the fight against the Imperial Guard.[15] Issue 137 was left largely unchanged, but the last five pages were completely rewritten and redrawn for the new ending, and Claremont also took the opportunity to write a second draft of his script.[16] Because of this, comparison of the original and published versions ofX-Men #137 reveals numerous differences in the script with no connection to the ending; for instance, in the original version of the day of rest, the individual X-Men are each thinking of their own personal issues, while the published version shows them reflecting on their decision to protect Jean.
The original ending ultimately saw print in 1984 inPhoenix: The Untold Story. Besides the original version ofUncanny X-Men #137, it featured a transcript of around table discussion between Claremont, Byrne, Simonson, Salicrup, Shooter, and inkerTerry Austin, discussing the story behind the original ending and why it was changed.
Shortly before the publication ofUncanny X-Men #137, future freelance writerKurt Busiek, then still a college student, heard about the upcoming events through the fan grapevine, as did fellow future comics prosCarol Kalish (who would go on to head up Marvel's Direct Sales Department for years) andRichard Howell (artist of theVision and The Scarlet Witch 12-issuelimited series, among others). The three of them also heard that Marvel editor-in-chiefJim Shooter had declared that Jean Grey could not be revived unless it was done in such a way as to render her guiltless of Dark Phoenix's crimes. Taking this as a creative challenge, all three then-fans decided to come up with their own resurrection scenario. Busiek's involved the discovery that Jean Grey was still on the bottom ofJamaica Bay in suspended animation following the original shuttle crash and that the Phoenix entity had used her body and mind as a lens, creating an immensely powerful duplicate of Jean, but one which grew more corrupted and distorted the longer it remained separate from the true Jean.[18]
In 1982, Dark Phoenix resurfaced in theDC/Marvelintercompany crossover one-shotThe Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans, written by regularX-Men writerChris Claremont. The story (which is not part of DC or Marvel canon) has the cosmic villainDarkseid resurrect Jean Grey in her Dark Phoenix persona as part of his quest to discover the secret of theAnti-Life Equation. In the end, Dark Phoenix is betrayed by Darkseid and sacrifices her life yet again to stop Darkseid.
Also in 1983, shortly after beginning a freelance writing career, Kurt Busiek attended a comics convention inIthaca, New York, staying at the home of Marvel writerRoger Stern. In conversation, both writers' longtime interest in the X-Men came up, and Stern expressed regret that there was no way to bring Jean back, not while satisfying Shooter's edict. Busiek told Stern his idea, not expecting it to amount to more than idle conversation. Later, Stern told the idea toJohn Byrne, then writer/artist ofFantastic Four.[18][19]
In 1985, Jim Shooter greenlit a new series that would reunite the original X-Men into a new team calledX-Factor, to be written by longtime freelancerBob Layton. Hearing of this, Byrne called Layton and suggested Busiek's idea as a means of raising Jean Grey from the dead while satisfying Shooter's demands for total absolution for Jean.
A three-part crossover was planned to launchX-Factor, involving theAvengers, the Fantastic Four, and the debut issue ofX-Factor, thus involvingAvengers writer Stern,Fantastic Four writer/artist Byrne andX-Factor writer Layton. Busiek, by that time, was working at Marvel as a freelance assistant editor onMarvel Age Magazine. He was paid and credited for the idea,[20] and edited a series of interviews forMarvel Age promoting the new series. Everything in the interviews pertaining to Jean's resurrection was marked out with black tape to create an air of mystery about the revelations that the crossover would involve, and Busiek thus found himself taping over all mention of his idea.[21]
While the retroactive depiction of Jean Grey and Phoenix as separate entities remains canon, later stories have established a middle ground regarding the unique relationship between the two. Claremont would establish an extradimensional mutual home for the two, theWhite Hot Room, in which both entities reside between resurrections.[22] At the conclusion of the Inferno event, Jean absorbs all the memories of Phoenix's experiences from its first appearance as Jean through the end of the Dark Phoenix Saga.[23] Writer Grant Morrison would ultimately establish that only by merging with Jean at her most powerful as the "One True Phoenix" could the Phoenix realize its full potential in physical form as the White Phoenix of the Crown.[24]
Jay Edidin ofPolygon included "The Dark Phoenix Saga" in their "9 Greatest X-Men Stories of All Time" list, writing, "Ask any fan to pinpointthe classic, iconic X-Men story, and most will send you straight toUncanny X-Men #129-138: the issues that chronicle the corruption and fall of the cosmically empowered Jean Grey. It’s also the story that has seen by far the largest number of (attempted) adaptations over the years, including the upcomingDark Phoenix. All of that is becauseThe Dark Phoenix Saga is the X-Men at their best: fighting as and for their found family and the fate of the world, backs to the wall, in the face of impossible odds. It’s got pretty much everything that makes the X-Men great: not just high-stakes superpowered fights, but also high drama, found family, and some pretty spectacular science fiction."[25] Anubhav Chaudhry ofSportskeeda ranked "The Dark Phoenix Saga" 1st in their "10 Best Comic Book Storylines of Marvel Comics" list, saying, "With stunning artwork and gripping storytelling,The Dark Phoenix Saga is a masterpiece of comic book storytelling that has influenced countless writers and artists in the years since its publication."[26] Pierce Lydon ofNewsarama ranked "The Dark Phoenix Saga" 1st in their "Best X-Men Stories" list, asserting, "If there's one story that defines the X-Men above all others, it's 'The Dark Phoenix Saga,' in which Chris Claremont and John Byrne's somewhat tumultuous creative relationship begins to come to an end with one of the greatest superhero stories ever told,"[27] while Chris Arrant ranked it 2nd in their "Best Marvel Comics Stories of All Time" list.[28]
David Harth ofComic Book Resources ranked "The Dark Phoenix Saga" 1st in their "X-Men: 10 Story Arcs Every Fan Should Read" list, stating, "The Dark Phoenix Saga introduces so many things to X-Men lore, like the Hellfire Club and Kitty Pryde, concepts that would pay dividends over the years. Claremont and Byrne kill it in this one, presenting a tale that is not only considered the best X-Men story of all time but one of the best comics of all time in general."[29] Joe Garza of/Film ranked "The Dark Phoenix Saga" 1st in their "15 Best X-Men Comics You Need To Read" list, writing, "The "Dark Phoenix Saga" is quite possibly THE signature X-Men storyline, the one that perfectly embodies the heroes' commitment to doing the right thing even when the world (or galaxy, in this case) hates and fears you."[30] Jesse Schedeen ofIGN ranked "The Dark Phoenix Saga" 2nd in their "25 Greatest X-Men Stories" list and called it "one of the most iconic Marvel stories of all time," saying, "The sheer variety of this story sets it apart, but not as much as the raw emotion and the satisfaction of seeing Claremont wrap up so many loose ends at once. John Byrne delivered his finest work on the series with this long arc, culminating in the battle royale against the Imperial Guard and the tragic sacrifice of the Phoenix."[31]
David Caballero ofScreen Rant asserted, "The storyline remains influential and is one of the most referenced in American superhero comics. Thanks to excellent writing, compelling and flawed characters, inspired and often-imitated artwork, and consequences so extreme they reshaped the entire franchise,The Dark Phoenix Saga remains a watershed moment in pop culture."[32] Will Friedwald ofVanity Fair called "The Dark Phoenix Saga" one of the "classic comic book story arcs that everybody has heard of, even if they haven’t read it," saying, "It’s no wonder the Dark Saga has inspired so many imitators. It took the big issues of cosmic narrative—even the very nature of existence—and stretched them as far as they would go. It cast a long shadow; later milestone sagas would have to look in a new direction—inward—to examine the meaning of the medium and the inner nature of heroes and villains themselves."[33] Chase Magnett ofComicBook.com wrote, "The reason why the characters and subplots surrounding "The Dark Phoenix Saga" remain so flexible is that the core themes of the story are what continue to resonate after almost four decades. [...] We understand that corruption, power, and monstrosity are truly evergreen themes in literature, not just superhero comics. They serve as the basis for the critical darlingImmortal Hulk today. Few superhero stories, if any, have addressed these ideas as well as "The Dark Phoenix Saga" though."[34]
Literary scholar Ramzi Fawaz interprets the story as an indictment of the fall of feminist liberation into a narcissistic personality. While he reads the earlier stories of the Phoenix force as presenting a potential alliance between projects of liberation for white women (represented by Jean Grey) and for Black women (represented by Storm), the Dark Phoenix Saga depicts a pessimistic conclusion that retreats into traditional humanist ideas of self-sacrifice.[35]
David Caballero ofScreen Rant included the cover ofUncanny X-Men #136 (August 1980) in their "X-Men: The 10 Most Iconic Covers Of All Time" list.[36] Anthony Orlando ofBuzzFeed ranked the cover ofUncanny X-Men #135 (July 1980) 8th in their "15 Greatest Covers In All Of Comics" list.[37]
Uncanny X-Men #168 (April 1983) began a subplot which culminated with the apparent reincarnation of Dark Phoenix inUncanny X-Men #174–175 (October–November 1983). These issues were later collected in trade paperback form under the titleFrom the Ashes.
The story revolves around Cyclops and the newly introducedMadelyne Pryor, a commercial airline pilot who is not only physically identical to Jean Grey, but survived a traumatic airliner crash at exactly the same moment that Jean died. Pryor's transformation into Dark Phoenix is revealed to be an illusion byMastermind, seeking revenge for what Jean Grey did to him during the Dark Phoenix Saga. In issue #175, Cyclops and Madelyne repeat the dialogue he exchanged with Jean Grey after Professor X locked away her Dark Phoenix powers, marking the parallel with the dissolving of Mastermind's Dark Phoenix illusion.
The story (issues #129–137) was first collected as atrade paperback in 1984. The first edition featured a cover painting byBill Sienkiewicz.
To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Phoenix Saga, the storyline was reprinted in an oversized trim hardcover. TheX-Men: The Dark Phoenix Saga hardcover (352 pages, July 2010, Marvel,ISBN 978-0-7851-4913-2) collectsThe X-Men #129–138,Classic X-Men #43,Bizarre Adventures #27,Phoenix: The Untold Story (one-shot), andWhat If? #27.[43]
The story (The X-Men #129–137) has been collected into a number of trade paperbacks:
The story is also included inEssential X-Men, Volume 2 (584 pages, October 1997,Panini Comics,ISBN 978-0-7851-0298-4), part of Marvel'sEssential series ofblack-and-white trade paperbacks. The volume collectsThe X-Men #120–144 andThe X-Men Annual #3–4.
The story is included in the hardcoverMarvel Masterworks: Uncanny X-Men, Volume 4 (The X-Men #122–131,Annual #3) andVolume 5 (The X-Men #132–140,Annual #4)
The opening of the story is in the final pages ofUncanny X-Men Omnibus, Volume 1, which includesGiant-Size Uncanny X-Men #1,The X-Men Annual #3, andThe X-Men #94–131; it concludes inUncanny X-Men Omnibus Volume 2, which continues through issue #153 and also includesAnnual #4–5,Avengers Annual #10,Marvel Fanfare #1–4,Marvel Treasury Edition #26–27,Marvel Team-Up #100,Bizarre Adventures #27, andPhoenix: The Untold Story.
The saga was printed in hardback form for issue 2 ofThe Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection, a graphic novel series based in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, in January 2012.
Another omnibus edition,X-Men: Dark Phoenix Saga Omnibus, was published in August 2018, and includedUncanny X-Men #97–105, 107–108, 125–138,Bizarre Adventures #27,Phoenix: The Untold Story,What If? #27, and material fromClassic X-Men #6, 8, 13, 18, 24, 43 (688 pages,ISBN 978-1302912123)
The "Dark Phoenix Saga" was again published in its entirety,Uncanny X-Men #129-138, along with various other issues, includingPhoenix: The Untold Story, inX-Men Epic Collection Vol. 7: The Fate of the Phoenix in March 2021.
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