| Intha-Danu | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | dənuʔ |
| Native to | Burma |
| Region | Inle Lake,Shan State |
| Ethnicity | Intha,Danu |
Native speakers | (ca. 200,000 cited 2000–2007)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Dialects |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:dnv – Danuint – Intha |
| Glottolog | inth1238 |
Intha andDanu are southernBurmish languages ofShan State, Burma, spoken respectively by theIntha andDanu people, the latter of whom areBamar descendants who migrated toInle Lake in Shan State. Considered to bedialects of Burmese by theGovernment of Myanmar, Danu has 93% lexical similarity with standard Burmese, while Intha has 95% lexical similarity with standard Burmese.[2] Intha and Danu differ from standard Burmese with respect to pronunciation of certain phonemes, and few hundred local vocabulary terms.[3] Language contact has led to increasingconvergence with standard Burmese.[3] Both are spoken by about 100,000 people each.[1]
Both Danu and Intha are characterized by retention of the/-l-/ medial (for the following consonant clusters in Intha:/kl-kʰl-pl-pʰl-ml-hml-/). Examples include:*"full": Standard Burmeseပြည့် ([pjḛ]) →ပ္လည့် ([plḛ]), from old Burmeseပ္လည်
There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants. For instance,ဗုဒ္ဓ (Buddha) is pronounced[boʊʔda̰] in standard Burmese, but[poʊʔtʰa̰] in Intha. This is likely due to the influence of theShan language.
Furthermore,သ (/θ/ in standard Burmese) has merged to/sʰ/ (ဆ) in Intha.
Rhyme correspondences to standard Burmese follow these patterns:[4]
| Written Burmese | Standard Burmese | Intha | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ျင် -င် | /-ɪɴ/ | /-ɛɴ/ | |
| -ဉ် | /-ɪɴ/ | /-ɪɴ/ | |
| ိမ် -ိန် ိုင် | /-eɪɴ-eɪɴ-aɪɴ/ | /-eɪɴ/ | |
| -ျက် -က် | /-jɛʔ-ɛʔ/ | /-aʔ/ | |
| -တ် -ပ် | /-aʔ/ | /-ɛʔ/ | |
| -ည် | /-ɛ,-e,-i/ | /-e/ | /-i/ if initial is a palatal consonant |
| ိတ် ိပ် ိုက် | /-eɪʔ-eɪʔ-aɪʔ/ | /-aɪʔ/ |
| Open syllables | weak = ə full = i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u |
| Closed | nasal = ɪɴ, eɪɴ, ɛɴ, aɴ, ɔɴ, oʊɴ, ʊɴ stop = ɪʔ, aɪʔ, ɛʔ, aʔ, ɔʔ, oʊʔ, ʊʔ |
Danu has noticeable vocabulary differences from standard Burmese, spanning areas such as kinship terms, food, flora and fauna, and daily objects.[5] For example, the Danu term for 'cat' ismi-nyaw (မိညော်), notkyaung (ကြောင်) as in standard Burmese.[5]
| Term | Standard Burmese | Danu |
|---|---|---|
| Father | အဖေ | အဘ |
| Grandfather | အဘိုး | ဘကြီး |
| Grandmother | အဘွား | မေကြီး |
| Mother | အမေ | အမေ |
| Stepmother | မိထွေး | အဒေါ် |
| Elder brother | အစ်ကို | ကိုရင် |
| Elder sister | အစ်မ | မမ |
| Brother-in-law[6] | ခဲအို | အနောင် |
| Uncle | ဦးလေး | အမင်း |
Danu and Intha are written using theBurmese alphabet.
Between 2013 and 2014, the Taunggyi branch of the Danu Literature and Culture Committee invented a new alphabet to transcribe the Danu language, taking inspiration from both the Pyu and Burmese scripts found on stone inscriptions.[7] Within theDanu Self-Administered Zone (SAZ), adoption of this script remains divisive, with other township branches of the committee and politicians firmly opposed to its usage, arguing that the need for a specific Danu script is unjustified since Danu is a Burmese dialect.[7][3] The script is currently not accepted by the Danu SAZ's administration.[3] These recent developments have also prompted some actors in the Intha community to invent their own scripts.[3]
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||