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Danazol

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemical compound
Not to be confused withDanabol.
Pharmaceutical compound
Danazol
Clinical data
Trade namesDanatrol, Danocrine, Danol, Danoval, others
Other namesWIN-17757; 2,3-Isoxazolethisterone; 2,3-Isoxazol-17α-ethynyltestosterone; 17α-Ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-[2,3-d]isoxazole
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682599
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration
By mouth
Drug classAndrogen;Anabolic steroid;Progestogen;Progestin;Antigonadotropin;Steroidogenesis inhibitor;Antiestrogen
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilitySaturable with dosage, higher with food intake[2]
Protein bindingToalbumin,SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin,CBGTooltip corticosteroid-binding globulin[3][4][5]
MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4)[9][6]
Metabolites2-OHM-Ethisterone[6]
Ethisterone[7][8]
Eliminationhalf-lifeAcute: 3–10 hours[9][2]
Chronic: 24–26 hours[9]
ExcretionUrine,feces[9][2]
Identifiers
  • (1S,2R,13R,14S,17R,18S)-17-ethynyl-2,18-dimethyl-7-oxa-6-azapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.04,8.014,18]icosa-4(8),5,9-trien-17-ol
CAS Number
PubChemCID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.037.503Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H27NO2
Molar mass337.463 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C#C[C@]1(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=Cc5oncc5C[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@@]21C
  • InChI=1S/C22H27NO2/c1-4-22(24)10-8-18-16-6-5-15-11-19-14(13-23-25-19)12-20(15,2)17(16)7-9-21(18,22)3/h1,11,13,16-18,24H,5-10,12H2,2-3H3/t16-,17+,18+,20+,21+,22+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:POZRVZJJTULAOH-LHZXLZLDSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Danazol, sold asDanocrine and other brand names, is a medication used in the treatment ofendometriosis,fibrocystic breast disease,hereditary angioedema and other conditions.[9][2][10][11][12] It is takenby mouth.[2]

The use of danazol is limited bymasculinizingside effects such asacne,excessive hair growth, andvoice deepening.[2][13] Danazol has a complexmechanism of action, and is characterized as a weakandrogen andanabolic steroid, a weakprogestogen, a weakantigonadotropin, a weaksteroidogenesis inhibitor, and a functionalantiestrogen.[5][14][15][16]

Danazol was discovered in 1963 and was introduced for medical use in 1971.[14][17][18][19] Due to their improved side-effect profiles, particularly their lack of masculinizing side effects, danazol has largely been replaced bygonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH analogues) in the treatment of endometriosis.[4]

Medical uses

[edit]

Danazol is used primarily in the treatment ofendometriosis. It has also been used – mostlyoff-label – for other indications, namely in the management ofmenorrhagia,fibrocystic breast disease,immune thrombocytopenic purpura,premenstrual syndrome,breast pain, andhereditary angioedema.[20] Although not currently a standard treatment formenorrhagia, danazol demonstrated significant relief in young women with menorrhagia in a study, and, because of a lack of a significant adverse effects, it was proposed as an alternative treatment.[21] Danazol appears to be useful in the treatment ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.[22]

Available forms

[edit]

Danazol comes in the form of 50, 100, and 200 mgoralcapsules.[2] It is taken at a dose of 50 to 400 mg two or three times per day, for a total of 100 to 800 mg per day depending on the indication.[2]

Contraindications

[edit]

Danazol iscontraindicated duringpregnancy because it has the potential tovirilize femalefetuses. Women taking danazol should practice effectivecontraception to prevent pregnancy ifsexually active.[23]

Since danazol ismetabolized by theliver, it cannot be used by patients withliver disease, and in patients receiving long-term therapy, liver function must be monitored on a periodic basis.[24]

Side effects

[edit]
See also:Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

Androgenic side effects are of concern, as some women taking danazol may experience unwanted hair growth (hirsutism),acne, irreversibledeepening of the voice,[4] or adverseblood lipid profiles.[23] In addition,breast atrophy and decreased breast size may occur.[4] The drug may also causehot flashes,elevation of liver enzymes, andmood changes.[23]

The use of danazol for endometriosis has been linked to an increased risk ofovarian cancer.[25] Patients with endometriosis have specific risk factors for ovarian cancer, so this may not apply for other uses. Danazol, like most other anabolic steroids, has been linked with an increased risk ofliver tumors. These are generallybenign.[26]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]

Danazol possesses a complexpharmacology, with multiplemechanisms of action.[5][14][15] These include direct binding to and activation ofsex hormone receptors, directinhibition ofenzymes involved insteroidogenesis, and direct binding to and occupation ofsteroid hormonecarrier proteins and consequent displacement of steroid hormones from these proteins.[4][5][14][15] The drug is characterized as a weakandrogen andanabolic, a weakprogestogen, a weakantigonadotropin, a weaksteroidogenesis inhibitor, and a functionalantiestrogen.[14][16]

Modulation of steroid hormone receptors

[edit]

Danazol is described as a possessing high affinity for theandrogen receptor (AR), moderate affinity for theprogesterone receptor (PR) andglucocorticoid receptor (GR), and poor affinity for theestrogen receptor (ER).[4][5] As an androgen, danazol is described as weak, being about 200-fold less potent than testosterone inbioassays.[16] The drug can act as both an agonist andantagonist of the PR depending on the bioassay, indicating that it could be regarded as aselective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM).[5] Although theaffinity andefficacy of danazol itself at the PR are relatively low, ethisterone, one of the major metabolites of danazol, is described as a weak progestogen (and has been employed clinically as a progestogen), and this presumably serves to increase thein vivo progestogenic activity of danazol.[8] The activity of danazol at the ER is considered to be minimal, although at very high concentrations the drug can act significantly as an ER agonist.[5] Danazol is considered to act significantly as an agonist of the GR, and, thus, as aglucocorticoid.[5] In accordance, it cansuppress the immune system at sufficient dosages.[5][14][16]

Relative affinities (%) of danazol and metabolites
SteroidPRTooltip Progesterone receptorARTooltip Androgen receptorERTooltip Estrogen receptorGRTooltip Glucocorticoid receptorMRTooltip Mineralocorticoid receptorSHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulinCBGTooltip Corticosteroid binding globulin
Danazol98?<0.2a?4010
Ethisterone35<1<1<1b<192–1210.33
5α-Dihydroethisterone1238–100c4120b?100?
Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) wereprogesterone for thePRTooltip progesterone receptor,testosterone (c =DHT) for theARTooltip androgen receptor,cortisol for theGRTooltip glucocorticoid receptor (b =dexamethasone),aldosterone for theMRTooltip mineralocorticoid receptor,DHT forSHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin, and cortisol forCBGTooltip corticosteroid-binding globulin.a = 1-hour incubation time (4 hours is standard for this assay; may affect affinity value).Sources:[27][28][29][30][31][32]
Absolute affinities (nM) of danazol
ReceptorAffinityAction
Androgen receptor90Agonist
Progesterone receptor6,000Agonist–antagonist
Glucocorticoid receptor5,000Agonist
Estrogen receptor80,000Agonist
Sources:[4][5]

Inhibition of steroidogenesis enzymes

[edit]

Danazol has been found to act as aninhibitor, to varying extents, of a variety ofsteroidogenic enzymes, includingcholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase,17α-hydroxylase,17,20-lyase,17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,21-hydroxylase, and11β-hydroxylase.[5] It has also been found to be a weak inhibitor ofsteroid sulfatase (Ki = 2.3–8.2 μM), the enzyme that convertsDHEA-STooltip dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate intoDHEATooltip dehydroepiandrosterone andestrone sulfate intoestrone (which can then respectively be transformed into estrone (withandrostenedione as an intermediate) andestradiol),[33] though another study reported its inhibition to be potent and potentially clinically relevant.[34] Although in contradiction with the above data, another study found that danazol weakly inhibited aromatase as well, with 44% inhibition at a concentration of 10 μM.[33]

In accordance with itssteroidogenesis inhibition, clinical studies have demonstrated that danazol directly and markedly inhibitsadrenal,ovarian, andtesticular steroidogenesisin vivo.[5] The enzymatic production ofestradiol,progesterone, andtestosterone have all specifically been found to be inhibited.[5]

Danazol at steroiodgenic enzymes
EnzymeAffinity (Ki)Inhibition typeEstimated inhibition at 2 μM
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme20 μMCompetitive?
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase5.8 μMCompetitive4.3%
17α-Hydroxylase2.4 μMCompetitive2.9%
17,20-Lyase1.9 μMCompetitive3.9%
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase4.4 μMCompetitive15%
21-Hydroxylase0.8 μMCompetitive37%
11β-Hydroxylase1 μMCompetitive21%
Aromatase>100 μM0%
Sources:[5]

For reference, circulating concentrations of danazol are in the range of 2 μM at a dosage of 600 mg/day in women.[5]

Occupation and downregulation of carrier proteins

[edit]
Protein binding of testosterone in women
GroupFreeAlbuminSHBG
Normal (no danazol)1%39%60%
Danazol treatment3%79%18%
Sources:[5]

Danazol is known to bind to two steroid hormone carrier proteins:sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which bindsandrogens andestrogens; andcorticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which binds progesterone andcortisol.[4][5] Binding of danazol to SHBG is considered to be more important clinically.[5] By occupying SHBG and CBG, danazol increases the ratio of free toplasma protein-bound testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol.[4][5] The table to the right shows the difference in testosterone levels in premenopausal women treated with danazol.[5]

As can be seen, the percentage of free testosterone is tripled in women being treated with danazol.[5][35] The ability of danazol to increase free testosterone levels suggests that a portion of its weak androgenic effects are mediated indirectly by facilitating the activity of testosterone anddihydrotestosterone through the displacement of them from SHBG.[5][35] In addition to binding to and occupying SHBG however, danazol also decreases the hepatic production of SHBG and therefore SHBG levels, and so downregulation of SHBG may be involved as well.[4][5] Danazol likely decreases hepatic production of SHBG by reducing estrogenic and increasing androgenic activity in the liver (as androgens and estrogens decrease and increase, respectively, hepatic SHBG synthesis).[36] In accordance with the notion that suppression of SHBG is involved in the androgenic effects of danazol, the drug has synergistic rather than additive androgenic effects in combination with testosterone in bioassays (which is most likely secondary to the increased free testosterone levels).[16]

It is noteworthy that 2-hydroxymethylethisterone, a major metabolite of danazol, circulates at concentrations 5–10 times greater than those of danazol and is twice as potent as danazol in displacing testosterone from SHBG.[37] As such, most of the occupation of SHBG by danazol may actually be due to this metabolite.[37]

Antigonadotropic activity

[edit]

Via its weak progestogenic and androgenic activity, through activation of the PR and AR in thepituitary gland, danazol producesantigonadotropic effects.[5] Although its does not significantly affect basalluteinizing hormone (LH) andfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in premenopausal women (and hence does not profoundly suppressgonadotropin or sex hormone levels like other, stronger antigonadotropins do),[38] the drug prevents the mid-cycle surge in the levels of these hormones during themenstrual cycle.[4][16][23][39][40] By doing this, it suppresses increases in estrogen and progesterone levels at this time and preventsovulation.[16][23][39][40]

Mechanism of action in endometriosis

[edit]

Because danazol reduces estrogen production and levels,[38] it has functionalantiestrogenic properties.[41] The combination of its antiestrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic orantiprogestogenic actions causeatrophy of theendometrium, which alleviates the symptoms of endometriosis.[4][5][16][38][42]

Effects in men

[edit]

In men, danazol has been found to inhibit gonadotropin secretion and markedly decrease testosterone levels, likely due to its actions as a steroidogenesis inhibitor and antigonadotropin.[43] However, even at the highest dosage assessed (800 mg/day),spermatogenesis remained unaffected.[43]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Thebioavailability of danazol is low.[7] In addition, circulating levels of danazol do not increase proportionally with increasing doses, indicating that there is a saturation of bioavailability.[2] With single-dose administration, it has been found that a 4-fold increase in dosage of danazol increasedpeak levels only by 1.3- and 2.2-fold andarea-under-the-curve levels by 1.6- and 2.5-fold in the fasted and fed states, respectively.[2] Similar findings were observed for chronic administration.[2] Intake of danazol with food (>30 grams of fat) has been found to increase the bioavailability and peak levels of danazol by 3- to 4-fold with a single dose and by 2- to 2.5-fold with chronic administration.[2] Following administration of danazol, peak concentrations occur after 2 to 8 hours, with a median of 4 hours.[2]Steady-state levels of danazol are achieved after 6 days of twice-daily administration.[2] Danazol islipophilic and can partition intocell membranes, which indicates that it is likely todistribute deeply intotissue compartments.[2] Thevolume of distribution of danazol is 3.4 L.[7] Danazol is known to beplasma protein bound toalbumin, SHBG, and CBG.[3][4][5]

Danazol ismetabolized in theliver byenzymes such asCYP3A4.[9][6] Itselimination half-life has varied across studies, but has been found to be 3 to 10 hours after a single dose and 24 to 26 hours with repeated administration.[9][2] The majormetabolites of danazol are 2-hydroxymethylethisterone (also known as 2-hydroxymethyldanazol; formed by CYP3A4 and described as inactive) andethisterone (a progestogen and androgen),[6][2][7][44] and other, minor metabolites include δ2-hydroxymethylethisterone, 6β-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylethisterone, and δ1-6β-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylethisterone.[45] At least 10 different metabolites have been identified.[2] Danazol iseliminated inurine andfeces, with the two primary metabolites in urine being 2-hydroxymethylethisterone and ethisterone.[2]

Chemistry

[edit]
See also:List of androgens/anabolic steroids andList of progestogens

Danazol, also known as 2,3-isoxazol-17α-ethynyltestosterone or as 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-[2,3-d]isoxazole, is asyntheticandrostanesteroid and aderivative oftestosterone andethisterone (17α-ethynyltestosterone).[10][11][43] It is specifically the derivative of ethisterone where the C3ketone is replaced with a 2,3-isoxazolemoiety (i.e., an isoxazole ring is fused to the A ring at the C2 and C3 positions).[6][14] Ethisterone is a weakprogestin with weak androgenic activity.[46]

History

[edit]

Danazol wassynthesized in 1963 by a team of scientists atSterling Winthrop inRensselaer, New York by a team that included Helmutt Neumann, Gordon Potts, W.T. Ryan, and Frederik W. Stonner.[17][18] It was approved by theU.S.Tooltip United StatesFood and Drug Administration in 1971 as the first drug in the country to specifically treat endometriosis.[14][19]

Society and culture

[edit]

Generic names

[edit]

Danazol is thegeneric name of the drug and itsINNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name,USANTooltip United States Adopted Name,USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia,BANTooltip British Approved Name,DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française,DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana, andJANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[9][10][11][12][47] It is also known by its developmental code nameWIN-17757.[9][10][11][12][47]

Brand names

[edit]

Danazol is or has been marketed under many brand names throughout the world including Anargil, Azol, Benzol, Bonzol, Cyclolady, Cyclomen, Danal, Danalol, Danamet, Danamin, Danasin, Danatrol, Danazant, Danazol, Danocrine, Danodiol, Danogen, Danokrin, Danol, Danonice, Danoval, Danzol, Dogalact (veterinary), Dorink, Dzol, Ectopal, Elle, Gonablok, Gong Fu Yi Kang, Gynadom, Kodazol, Kupdina, Ladogal, Lozana, Mastodanatrol, Nazol, Norciden, Vabon, and Winobanin.[9][10][11][12][47]

Availability

[edit]

Danazol is available in theUnited States,Europe, and widely elsewhere throughout the world.[9][11][47]

Research

[edit]

Danazol has been studied in the treatment ofbreast cancer in women, but produced relatively lowresponse rates of about 15 to 20%.[48][49]

Low-dose danazol has been investigated in the treatment ofdiabetic macular edema in aphase IIIclinical trial.[50][51]

A 2016 phase I/II prospective study orally administered 800 mg per day to 27 patients withtelomere diseases. The primary efficacy endpoint was a 20% reduction in the annual rate of telomere attrition measured. Toxic effects formed the primary safety endpoint. The study was halted early, after telomere attrition was reduced in all 12 patients who could be evaluated. 12 of 27 patients achieved the primary efficacy end point, 11 of whom increased telomere length at 24 months.Hematologic responses (secondary efficacy endpoint) occurred in 10 of 12 patients who could be evaluated at 24 months. Elevated liver-enzyme levels and muscle cramps (known adverse effects) of grade 2 or less occurred in 41% and 33% of the patients, respectively.[52]

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