| Dan | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Dan andKyū ranks are indicated by belt color or by stripes on the belt. | |||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 段 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 段 | ||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | đoạn | ||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 段 | ||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||
| Hangul | 단 | ||||||||||
| Hanja | 段 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||||||
| Kanji | 段 | ||||||||||
| Hiragana | だん | ||||||||||
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Thedan (段) ranking system is used by many Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, and other martial arts organizations to indicate the level of a person's ability within a given system. Used as a ranking system to quantify skill level in a specific domain, it was originally used at aGo school during theEdo period.[1] It is now also used in most modern Japanese fine and martial arts.
Martial arts writer Takao Nakaya claims that this dan system was first applied to martial arts in Japan byKanō Jigorō (1860–1938),[2] the founder ofjudo, in 1883, and later introduced to other East Asian countries.[3] Inmodern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear ablack belt; those of higher rank may also wear either red-and-white orred belts depending on the style. Dan ranks are also given for strategic board games such as Go, Japanese chess (shōgi), andrenju, as well as for other arts such as thetea ceremony (sadō orchadō), flower arrangement (ikebana),Japanese calligraphy (shodō), andJapanese archery (Kyudo). Today, this ranking system is part of the hallmark, landscape, and cultural "adhesive" of modern Japanese society.[citation needed]
TheChinese character for the worddan (段) literally meansstep orstage in Japanese, but is also used to refer to one'srank,grade, orstation, i.e., one's degree or level of expertise, knowledge and seniority. In Chinesepinyin, however, the same character is pronouncedduàn in Mandarin with the 4th tone, and was originally used to meanphase. Dan is often used together with the wordkyū (級) in certain ranking systems, withdan being used for the higher ranks andkyū being used for lower ranks.
The dan ranking system in Go was devised byHon'inbō Dōsaku (1645–1702), a professional Go player in the Edo period.[1][4] Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap and tended to be vague. Dosaku valued the then highest title holder,Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese Go ranking system (9 Pin Zhi) and an earlier court ranking system (nine-rank system), although lower numbers are more senior in those systems.
Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), the founder of judo. Kanō started the modern rank system in 1883 when he awardedshodan (the lowest dan rank) to two of his senior students (Shiro Saigo andTomita Tsunejirō). Prior to this, martial arts schools rewarded progress with less frequentmenkyo licenses, giving the disciple the right to teach what he has learnt, the menkyo system containing in itself several ranks, the latter being the menkyo kaiden (免許皆伝）, the license attesting that the disciple has mastered the whole teaching of the art; another way of rewarding a particularly skilled disciple was by choosing him as nextsōke by transmitting him the secret scrolls of the school, the densho (伝書）.[5]
There was still no external differentiation betweenyūdansha (black belt ranks) andmudansha (those who had not yet attained a dan grade). Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, where advanced swimmers wore a black ribbon around their waists.[4] Kano adopted the custom of having hisyūdansha wear blackobi (belts) in 1886.[citation needed]
At that time, theseobi were not the belts thatkarateka andjūdōka wear today; the students were still practicing inkimono. They wore the wideobi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kanō invented the modernkeikogi (white practice uniforms), and belts in white for mudansha and black for yūdansha.
Traditionally, the level of Go players has been defined usingkyū anddan ranks.[6] Kyu ranks are consideredstudent ranks,[7] whilst dan ranks are consideredmaster ranks.[7] Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate thehandicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, "rating" systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.
Dan (abbreviated online as "d") ranks are for advanced players. Although many organizations let players choose their own kyū rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated. This means that players will have to show good results in tournaments or pass exams to be awarded a dan rank. Serious students of the game will often strive to attain a dan rank. Dan ranks are generally available up to about 7th dan;professional player ranks go up to 9th dan.
As in Go,shogi has also traditionally used "dan" and "kyū" ranks to define the playing strength of a shogi player. Amateur players can, throughover-the-board (OTB) play, achieve ranks from 15-kyū to 8-dan. In addition to dan and kyū, anElo-type rating system is also used by the Japan Amateur Shogi Association for the tournaments it organizes.
The ranking system used by theJapan Shogi Association (JSA) for professionals uses similar terminology, but is actually quite different in terms of ability. Professional player ranks start at 4 dan and go up to 9 dan. There also used to be 10 dan ranking, but this is no longer used. Amateur players train to become professionals at one of the JSA'sapprentice schools and are ranked from 6-kyū to 3-dan. Since only exceptionally strong amateur players are able to qualify for the shōreikai, it is generally believed that the typical shōreikai 6-kyū is at least the equivalent of an amateur 3 or 4 dan player. Shōreikai 3-dan players who either win or finish runner-up in one of the two 3-dan league tournaments held each year are awarded the rank of 4-dan and granted professional status.
Although there is no difference in the systems used for men and women amateurs, the JSA and the Ladies Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan, or LPSA, do use a slightly different system for ranking women professionals. Women professionals are ranked from 3-kyū to 6-dan and it is commonly believed that even the strongest women professionals are generally only equivalent in playing strength to shōreikai 1- or 2-dan ranked players.[8] In fact, no woman professional has ever successfully completed the shōreikai system and been awarded the rank of 4-dan. Three women have made it as far as 1 dan in the shōreikai,[9] and two have made it as far as 3 dan.[10][11]
While the use of the kyū/dan system, and colored belts is common to bothgendai budō or arts of other east Asian origin, and to arts that are derived from these, or from other areas, it is not universal.
In modern times, a dan-ranked practitioner of a style is usually recognized as amartial artist who has surpassed thekyū, or basic, ranks. They may also become a licensed instructor in their art. In many styles, however, achieving a dan rank means that, while one is no longer considered a beginner, one is not yet necessarily an expert. Rather, it indicates a high degree of competence across a reasonable range of techniques.
The total number of dan ranks is style-specific (1st through 5th and 1st through 10th are common in Japanese martial arts). The lower dan grades normally are attained through a grading examination or sometimes through competition. The higher dan grades usually require years of experience and contribution to the relevant modern martial art. This may be through instruction or research and publication. These grades can only be awarded by a higher-graded representative of the principaldojo or sometimes by a steering committee. There is no set achievement level that is universal. Ranking systems are specific to the school or style, so ranks do not necessarily translate across differentmartial arts styles. In fact, dan ranks do not necessarily indicate one wears a black belt. In martial arts such asiaidō,kendō orjōdō, no external signifier of rank is worn, though a black belt is by far the most recognizable symbol to the general public.
The highest dan ranks are sometimes reserved for the founder or leaders of a style and only high-ranking students can be promoted to them. For example, only five living people hold a tenth dan in judo and only about thirty-five worldwide have been promoted to the rank since its inception; of those 10th dan promotions only fifteen were conferred by the Kodokan, all of them to Japanese judoka. In other styles, the dan ranks are not the highest level that might be attained, with instructor certification and judge/judgment authorization being understood as higher-level or more sophisticated.[citation needed]
Many arts use between one and ten dan ranks:
| Degree | Pronunciation | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| 1st dan | Shodan[a] | 初段 |
| 2nd dan | Nidan | 弐段/二段[b] |
| 3rd dan | Sandan | 参段/三段[c] |
| 4th dan | Yondan[d] | 四段 |
| 5th dan | Godan | 五段 |
| 6th dan | Rokudan | 六段 |
| 7th dan | Shichidan[e] | 七段 |
| 8th dan | Hachidan | 八段 |
| 9th dan | Kudan | 九段 |
| 10th dan | Jūdan | 十段 |
In many martial arts, black belts are often worn for alldan grades. In others, different colors are used, with the highest grade (10thdan) sometimes wearing a red belt in some systems. In Jūdo, 6th to 8thdan may wear a red and white-patterned belt, and 9thdan and above may wear a solid red belt. Blue with a red stripe is sometimes worn for Renshi (錬士) or for a person recognized by the older Ryu Kyu Kingdom title of Shinshi (from Shenshi, 紳士), a general Confucian term for a resident Chinese scholar and emissary. There is some variation even within styles. Generally, belts do not have markings that indicate the actualdan grade. Okinawan styles often use gold bars to denote the various masters titles rather than grades after fifthdan. Thus one gold stripe can designateRenshi (錬士), two designatedKyōshi (教士), and three designatedHanshi (範士).[12] In the early 2000s, different Okinawan styles started using the stripes to designate individualdan grades abovegodan. Others, including many Uechi organizations, have followed suit, while others have not.
In many stylesshodan implies that the basics of the style have been mastered. At aboutsandan, the student may start teaching independently but under the supervision of their teacher. The license for this level isshidōin (指導員), literally "member of instruction/coaching", which is often translated as "assistant instructor." At about the grade ofgodan, the holder may receive a full teaching license:shihan (師範), literally "instructor/model." Traditionally, someone who holds theshihan title may open their own school with this license. Many styles also have the separate teaching or "master" grades ofrenshi,kyoshi, andhanshi.
Generally, the lowerdan grades are achieved by gaining greater knowledge and understanding of the art along with physical skill. The higher thedan grade, the more leadership ability, teaching experience, and service to the style play a role in promotion.
In modernkendo, thedan system was recently changed so that 8thdan is the highest attainable rank.[13] UnlikeJudo, alldan promotion within theAll Japan Kendo Federation,International Kendo Federation and its member countries is by examination. Whereasdan grades are awarded for technical ability, there is a parallelshogo system awarding the higher teaching grades ofrenshi,kyoshi, andhanshi.Renshi andkyoshi are awarded by written examination whilehanshi is awarded by election.
Although thedan system is distinctly Japanese, it has been adopted by many other martial arts styles. Thedan system and the well-known symbol of a black belt have been absorbed into common usage to represent a person with above-average or highly trained skills in a particular discipline.
In 1998, theChinese Wushu Association together with theNational Sport Commission and theChinese Wushu Research Institute established a graduation system based on nine Duan levels. In 2011 the Duan Wei system was changed and a set of style books was issued for duan wei 1-6 exams. Examinations for each level are based on preset forms and applications, including partner forms. The badge has also been changed to include the duan wei number i.e. 1–6. Entry level for experienced practitioners has now been limited to 3rd Duan and below so as to tighten up the rankings.[14]
Symbol: 段位Duan Wei "level"
Beginning Level:
So-called basic duans for students with some years of experience.
1.Qingying—yi duan: Bronze/blue Eagle
2.Yinying—er duan: Silver Eagle
3.Jinying—san duan: Gold Eagle
Intermediate Level:
Middle-level duans are for wushu students/coaches who are able to teach and have between 5 and 10 years of wushu coaching experience, depending on level applied for. Starting from 5th Duan, there has to be proof of a scientific work in wushu research, i.e. publications, DVD, training of Duanwei examined students. Six Duanwei can use the title of Master as this is the highest technical grade.
4.Qinghu—si duan: Bronze/blue Tiger
5.Yinhu—wu duan: Silver Tiger
6.Jinhu—liu duan: Gold Tiger
Advanced Level:
Advanced level is only awarded to very experienced masters with excellent reputation in Wushu. The person awarded such a Duan is officially entitled to use the title "Grand Master".
7.Qinglong—qi duan: Bronze/blue Dragon
8.Yinlong—ba duan: Silver Dragon
9.Jinlong—jiu duan: Gold Dragon
The term Dan was used on the badges up to 2005 when the term Duan was adopted, however the term Dan was never used on the certificates of grade; the certificates always use the term Duanwei.
Korean martial arts lacked a grading system up until the Japanese occupation (1910–1945) during which a variety of Japanese martial arts were introduced into the Korean school system, most notably judo, karate-do and kendo. After the occupation ended, newly emerging martial arts liketaekwondo,tang soo do,soo bahk do andhapkido adopted the dan (단, 段) andgeup (급, 級) ranks. The dan rank system is also used bybaduk players. Nowadays, the Korea Taekkyon Association also issues dan ranks totaekkyeon practitioners.
Someone who has received a dan rank is called ayudanja (유단자, 有段者). Someone who has received a "high" dan rank (6th Dan upwards) is called agodanja (고단자, 高段者).
In some Korean schools, most notably inKukkiwon-style Taekwondo, there is also apoom system in place (품, 品; "pum" using standard Romanization). Practitioners who have not yet reached the age of 15 cannot test for a dan rank. For them, there is a system of fourpoom grades. After they reach the age of 15, theirpoom-grade can be changed to the corresponding "dan"-grade.
When numbering the dan ranks,Sino-Korean numbers are used. Common names for the dan ranks are thus:
| Degree | English Pronunciation | Hangul | Hanja |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st degree | Il dan (also known ascho dan)) | 일단 or 초단 | 一段 or 初段 |
| 2nd degree | I dan | 이단 | 二段 |
| 3rd degree | Sam dan | 삼단 | 三段 |
| 4th degree | Sa dan | 사단 | 四段 |
| 5th degree | O dan | 오단 | 五段 |
| 6th degree | Yuk dan | 육단 | 六段 |
| 7th degree | Chil dan | 칠단 | 七段 |
| 8th degree | Pal dan | 팔단 | 八段 |
| 9th degree | Gu dan | 구단 | 九段 |
| 10th degree | Sip dan† | 십단 | 十段 |
†For most Korean martial arts, the dan ranks do not go past ninth dan, although on some occasions in some organizations, a tenth dan has been issued.
Political tensions having to do with status and rank, predate the introduction of the Dan grading system by centuries.[15] However, the introduction of the Dan ranks has led to the creation of new and specific types of 'rank politics' and social conflicts, which sometimes afflict martial arts schools and organizations.[16][17] The topics associated with such challenges include, but are not limited to:[18]
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