| Dalcassians | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dál gCais | |||
 The early Dál gCais carried on their banners of "red, purple, gold and brown" of unknown design. Later, the O'Briens (the main sept of the Dalcassions) began using a coat of arms featuring theClaíomh Solais ofNuada.[1] One of theFour Treasures of the Tuatha Dé Danann. | |||
| Profile | |||
| Country | Ireland | ||
| Region | Thomond | ||
| Ancestry | Déisi Tuisceart | ||
| Ethnicity | GaelicIrish | ||
| Founder | Cas | ||
| Chief | |||
| Conor John Anthony, 19th Baron Inchiquin | |||
| Historic seat | Dromoland Castle | ||
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TheDalcassians (Irish:Dál gCais[ˌd̪ˠaːlˠˈɡaʃ]) are aGaelicIrish clan, generally accepted by contemporary scholarship as being a branch of theDéisi Muman, that became very powerful in Ireland during the 10th century. Their genealogies claimed descent fromTál Cas. Their known ancestors are the subject ofThe Expulsion of the Déisi tale and one branch of their blood-line went on to rule the petty kingdom ofDyfed in Wales during the 4th century; probably in alliance with theRoman EmperorMagnus Maximus.
Brian Bóruma is perhaps the best-known king from the dynasty and was responsible to a significant degree for carving out their fortunes. The family had built a power base on the banks of theRiver Shannon and Brian's brotherMahon became their firstKing of Munster, taking the throne from the rivalEóganachta. This influence was greatly extended under Brian who becameHigh King of Ireland, following a series of wars againstHiberno-Norse kingdoms and theChiefs of other Irish clans, before dying famously at theBattle of Clontarf in 1014. Following this the Dál gCais provided three more High Kings of Ireland;Donnchad mac Briain,Toirdelbach Ua Briain andMuirchertach Ua Briain.
From the 12th–16th centuries, the Dál gCais contented themselves with being reduced to theKingdom of Thomond. They attempted to claim theKingdom of Desmond for a time, but ultimately theMacCarthys held it. The Kennedys also held theKingdom of Ormond for a time. Some of the better known septs includedO'Brien,Moloney,MacNamara,O'Grady,O'Gorman,Galvin,Kennedy,MacMahon,McInerney, andClancy. During the 13th centuryRichard Strongbow's relatives the Normande Clares attempted to take Thomond, but the Dál gCais held firm.
It wasn't until the 16th century, unable to be defeated militarily, that they agreed to surrender and regrant their kingdom toHenry VIII Tudor, joining the nobility of theKingdom of Ireland. Their realm was renamedCounty Clare, though they remained influential. In later times, remarkable figures include writerStandish James O'Grady, who is called "Father of theCeltic Revival" andWilliam Smith O'Brien who played a leading part in theYoung Irelander Rebellion of 1848. In diaspora, prominent figures have includedJohn Galvin (general), MarshalPatrice de Mac-Mahon,President of France,[2][3] as well asJohn F. Kennedy[4] andRonald Reagan,[5] who were bothPresidents of the United States.
In their own genealogies, the Dál gCais traced their line back to their eponymous ancestor and progenitor Cormac Cas, who is said to have lived in the 2nd to 3rd century. They make him a second son ofAilill Aulom from theDeirgtine, aKing of Munster andLeath Moga more generally, associated in a story with the goddessÁine of theTuatha Dé Danann during theCycles of the Kings ofIrish mythology. Cormac Cas himself was purported to be the younger brother ofEógan, founder of theEóganachta, who would go on to rule Munster for many centuries. While this was taken on face value for a long time, later Irish scholars came to question its validity, regarding it as a politically motivated fabrication. The Dál gCais were becoming powerful in the 10th century, withMahon and his brotherBrian Bóruma taking the throne in Munster from the Eóganachta; claiming ancient kinship with their rivals would have boosted their legitimacy.
It is claimed by current scholarship that the Dál gCais were instead a branch of theDéisi Muman.[6][7] The Déisi Muman held avassal kingship in Munster under the Eóganachta, significant in scope, consisting of what is todayWaterford and its environs. As time went on branches also emerged around theRiver Shannon, as part of the Déisi Muman moved north-westerly between the 5th and early 8th century; they were called the Déisi Deiscirt and the Déisi Tuisceart. It is from a later, more northerly branch, which the Dál gCais are said to ultimately find their true ancestors.[6] The first recorded mention of their adoption of the new name Dál gCais specifically is in theAnnals of Inisfallen for the year 934, which records the death of their king Rebachán mac Mothlai.
The Déisi Muman themselves are the subject ofThe Expulsion of the Déisi epic in the Cycles of the Kings, which is set during the time thatCormac Ulfada wasHigh King of Ireland. The story describes the expulsion of theDal Fiachrach Suighe; kinsmen of theConnachta and descendants ofFedlimid Rechtmar; fromTara, coming to settle in Munster after many battles. Upon becoming the Déisi Muman, one branch then sailed across toBritain in the 4th century, coming to ruleDyfed. Their presence in Britain may have been initially supported byMagnus Maximus,Roman Emperor, as part of a policy of backingGaelic vassals to be seafaring defenders of the shores of Britain facing theIrish Sea from pirates.[8]Eoin MacNeill has pointed out that they were not the only Irish colony in the area, with theUí Liatháin also powerful. Historian C. Thomas Cairney stated that the Dal gCais along with theDéisi were tribes of theErainn who were the second wave ofCelts to settle in Ireland from about 500 to 100BC.[9]
The adoption of the name Dál gCais and the ascent of the group to greater power began to take place during the 10th century with internal political transition.[7] With the death of Rebachán mac Mothlai, the leadership of the Déisi Tuisceart shifted from theUí Aengusa kindred to their junior relatives theUí Thairdelbaig.[7] It was during the time ofCennétig,[7] who styled himselfKing of Thomond, that the Dál gCais began to challenge the Eóganachta; though Kennedy was defeated at the Battle of Gort Rotacháin byCellach Caisil,King of Munster in 944. The actual reason for this sudden surge has been much debated and one frequently discussed thesis is that it was a political scheme of theUí Néill, intending to use the Dál gCais as proxies to further weaken the power of the Eóganachta.[10]
Kennedy's children built on their father's achievements. His daughter Órlaith became Queen consort of Ireland, after she marriedDonagh Donn, a High King of Ireland from thesouthern branch of the Uí Néill.Mahon became the first Dál gCais to gain the kingship of Munster, after he seized theRock of Cashel fromMolloy of the Eóganachta. Leading up to this he had defeated the Norse underIvar of Limerick at theBattle of Sulcoit in 968. After Mahon was captured byDonovan in 976 and murdered by Molloy, the Eóganachta returned to the throne at Cashel for two years, but Mahon's younger brotherBrian Bóruma, a seasoned military man from the early campaigns, would desire vengeance.
A campaign in 977-78 led to the defeat and death of Ivar, with an engagement atScattery Island being the most significant. Brian retained the formerly Norse Limerick for its trading power and naval strength. The Dál gCais took back Munster atBelach Lechta the same year, killing Molloy in the process. Ambition saw Brian look next to the territories ofMalachy II, High King of Ireland. A closely contested war of 15 years ensued, with the naval ability of the Dál gCais paying off as a truce was called by Malachy in 997, recognising Brian's overlordship ofLeath Moga. They became allies against theNorse Dublin and theLaigin who underMáel Mórda,King of Leinster had risen against Brian's claims. The latter were subdued atGlenmama in 999, before rebelling again in 1014 atClontarf where Norse power in Ireland was finally broken, though Brian died in the process. In the interim, Malachy had passed the High Kingship to Brian in 1002 and he built strong Christian links toArmagh. Historian C. Thomas Cairney stated that the Dal gCais were the axe-wielding foot-soldiers who formed the core of the army that defeated the Vikings in 1014.[9]
After the death of Brian, his two established surviving sons;Donagh andTeague; struggled in an internal Dál gCais rivalry for dominion. While Donagh was High King, many other Irish kings allied against him, including Leinster, Connacht, and Ulster. Deposed in 1063, he fled to Rome, with some sources claiming he grantedPope Urban II the Irish crown, this is controversial, however.[note 1] Teague's sonTurlough took up the reins in a lasting alliance with the powerfulDermot Kinsella, King of Leinster. Not a military leader, Turlough was instead a capable politician, theCogad Gáedel re Gallaib glorifying Brian's feats would be authored during his lifetime. Turlough's sonMurtagh would be the last High King from the Dál gCais of the medieval period, reigning between 1101–19. Murtagh attempted to make the Irish kingship more along the lines of European monarchies and was involved in foreign affairs (allying withArnulf de Montgomery in theWelsh Marches againstHenry I, King of England), trying to extend Irish influence beyond internal rivalries.
The septs of the Dál gCais developed over time, with new ones breaking off to form separate surnames at different times, but all claiming to share the same paternal line (with a few biological exceptions along the way due to adoption or extra-marital issue). Their eponymous founder Cas had several sons; two of them gave their names to theUí Bloid andUí Caisin kindreds, and another founded theUi Fearmaic. As the proto-Dál gCais moved up into what is todayEast Clare, these became associated with rooted tribal areas, but were themselves internally divided into any other septs.[11]
The senior line descended from Cas' first son Bloid and they provided theKings of Thomond. Initially, the leaders of the tribe were a sept known as theUí Aengusa from which descendsO'Curry,O'Cormacan andO'Seasnain. However, during the 10th century, this passed to the juniorUí Thairdelbaig. It is this kindred which would furnish theHigh Kings of Ireland and theKings of Thomond including Brian Bóruma. From theUí Thairdelbaig cameO'Brien,O'Kennedy (who wereKings of Ormond),MacConsidine,MacMahon, O'Reagan, MacLysaght,O'Kelleher, Boland, Cramer, Kearney,O'Casey,Power,Twomey,Eustace,Ahearne,MacGrath, Quick,O'Meara, Scanlan, MacArthur,Cosgrave,O'Hogan, Lonergan and others.[12][13] O'Noonan and Coombe are other notableUí Bloid descendants.[12] A younger brother of Carthann Fionn (who both theUí Thairdelbaig andUí Aengusa derive) named Brennan Ban stands at the head of the genealogies for theO'Brennan, Glinn,Muldowney andO'Hurley septs.[12]
Although a junior line, theUí Caisin continued to have a prominent role and the leader of their kindred in Thomond were theMacNamara, who as Lords of Clancullen, were the second most powerful family after the O'Brien.[14] Other families descended from the branch of Carthann (son of Caisin) includeHarley,Flood, Torrens, Stoney,Hickey,O'Hay, Clancy, Neylon andFlattery.[15] Carthann had brothers named Eocha and Sineall from whom descend theO'Grady,Tubridy, Hartigan, Durkin, Killeen andHogg.[16][17][18] In addition to this, there are theUi Fearmaic[19] who claim to descend from Aengus Cinathrach, a brother of Caisin and Bloid. This kindred included theO'Dea as leaders, as well as theO'Quin,O'Griffin / O'Griffey (chieftains of Cineal Cuallachta),O'Heffernan,Kielty and Perkin.[20][21][22]
Within the traditionalGaelic culture of Ireland, society rested on the pillars of the tribal nobility, bardic poet historians and priests.[23] Different families had different roles to play and in many cases, this was a hereditary role. However, the nature of this system, known astanistry wasaristocratic ("rule by the best") in the truest sense, in that if the tribe thought a younger male member of the family was more suitable to succeed to a role than an older sibling, then they could. TheNorman and wider European concept of strictprimogeniture was not completely adopted until after some of the families joined the peerage of Ireland.
The most powerful Dalcassian family of thehereditary Gaelic nobility were the O'Brien (Kings of Thomond), followed by MacNamara (Lords of Clann Cuilean), O'Kennedy (Kings of Ormond), MacMahon (Lords ofCorca Baiscinn),[2] O'Grady (Lords of Cinél Dongaile) and O'Dea (Lords of Ui Fearmaic). Some of these families later joined thepeerage of Ireland after the surrender and regrant to theTudors during the 16th century. The O'Brien was initiallyEarls of Thomond, but later becameBarons Inchiquin which they hold to this day. The O'Grady wasViscounts Guillamore, while the O'Quins becameEarls of Dunraven.[20] A branch of the MacMahon family became Marquis de MacMahon d'Eguilly[3] in theKingdom of France, later raised toDukes of Magenta under EmperorNapoleon III.
The Clancy sept was the hereditaryBrehons of Thomond and held a very powerful position when it came to the law in the kingdom.[24] Even after the end of the Gaelic order, they continued to play a role, providing aHigh Sheriff of Clare in the form ofBoetius Clancy.[24] Famously participating in theContention of the Bards in support of the honour of the tribe, the MacBrody sept were the principal poets and historians of the Dál gCais for centuries.[25][26] TheO'Hickey andNeylon[27] sept would serve as hereditary physicians to the Dalcassians of Thomond. After the NormanButler dynasty took Ormond, the Dalcassian sept ofO'Meara became their hereditary physicians, this line includedBarry Edward O'Meara, who was with EmperorNapoleon I in exile atSt. Helena.
What became known as the Dál gCais stemmed from the Deisi Becc (Small Deisi) who controlled a narrow strip of land stretching from the Ballyhoura mountains to the Shannon and were divided into the Deisi Deiscirt (Southern Deisi, centred around Bruree) and Deisi Tuaiscirt (Northern Deisi, centred around Cahernarry) who shared a common ancestry.[28] Their conquest of modern Clare probably occurred after the Battle of Carn Feradaig in 629AD where, under their king Díoma mac Rónáin, they defeated the King of ConnachtGuaire Aidne mac Colmáin who was invading Munster. After this, their Kings first appear in contemporary records. Andelait, son of Díoma is one of eightMunster kings listed as guarantors of theCáin Adomnáin in 697. In 713 the Deisi Tuaiscirt killed theKing of CashelCormac mac Ailello in battle at Carn Feradaig after he had invaded their territories. In 744 the annals note: "Destruction ofCorco Mruad by the Déis" which indicates their power in Thomond was growing. In 765 the death of their king Torpaid is noted in the annals. From this point forward the annals are silent on the Deisi Tuaiscirt until 934.[29]
In 934 the annals report the death of Reabacán mac Mothla who is described as King of the Dál gCais (the earliest extant usage of this dynastic name) and Abbot of Tuaim Gréine and in the same year his son was killed by one of the sons of Lorcáin mac Lachtna (who is said to succeed Rebeacán as king), the annals report "Duibhghiolla, son of Robacáin, Lord of Ua Corbmaic, was murdered by Congalach son of Lorcáin in treachery". This action must have paved the way for Lorcán and his sons to seize power.[30] Lorcán was descended from theUí Toirdhealbhach instead of theUí Oengusso who had hitherto comprised the Deisi Tuaiscirt kings.Cinnéidigh, another son of Lorcáin, who became king after his father, expanded the power of the Dál gCais greatly and was noted asKing of Thomond in the annals by his death. His sonMathgamain built on his achievements, capturingCashel and becomingKing of Munster. The best-known member of this dynasty,Brian Boru, took over after his brother Mathgamain's death, reclaimed the Munster kingship and eventually succeeded in establishing himself asHigh King of Ireland before his famous death in theBattle of Clontarf.
The Dál gCais under Brian's descendants, theUa Briain would provide a further threeHigh Kings of Ireland and exercised supremacy inMunster untilTairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, taking advantage of war between brothersDiarmait and former High-KingMuircheartach, invadedMunster and split it in two in the Treaty of Glanmire (1118) grantingThomond to the sons ofDiarmait Ua Briain andDesmond to the leading sept of the dispossessedEoganacht, theMac Cárthaigh dynasty. After the death ofDomnall Mór Ua Briain, a claimant to the Kingship of Munster, they further retreated beyond theShannon into the area of modernCounty Clare in the wake of theNorman Invasion. In 1276King Edward II granted all ofThomond toThomas de Clare, taking advantage of the feuding between Clann Taidhg and Clann Briain (whom de Clare supported). The de Clares failed in conquering Thomond and were decisively defeated in theBattle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318, thus theKingdom of Thomond remained outside of foreign control for a further 200 years.[31]
In 1543Murchadh Carrach Ó Briain, agreed tosurrender hisGaelic Royalty toKing Henry VIII and accepted the titlesEarl of Thomond andBaron Inchiquin. At his death in 1551, the Earldom passed to his nephewDonough by special remainder and the titleBaron Inchiquin passed to his male heirs through his sonDermot. The Earldom went extinct at the death ofHenry O'Brien, 8th Earl of Thomond, the next heir would have been a descendant ofDaniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare who wasattainded in 1691, so the title becameforfeit. However,Charles O'Brien, 6th Viscount Clare, aJacobite exile used the title Earl of Thomond, as did his son, who died childless in 1774. At the death ofJames O'Brien, 3rd Marquess of Thomond, the titleBaron Inchiquin passed to a distant cousin and descendant ofMurrough,Sir Lucius O'Brien, 5th Baronet and was passed down to his descendants.
This early list of Dál gCais Kings is supplied inAn Leabhar Muimhneach.[32]
Key:
=King of Northern Deisi
=King of Thomond
=Baron Inchiquin
=Viscount Clare
=Earl of Thomond,Earl of Inchiquin
=Marquess of ThomondA higher Kingship title which is mutually inclusive with a lower one within the dynasty are not given overlapping dates for the simplicity of the chart.
| List of Kings (and later heads) of the Dál gCais | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In two different election pamphlets,Éamon de Valera'sFianna Fáil party addressed voters as "Dalcassians", the term having become a romanticsynecdoche for the Irish as a whole.[33]
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{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Genealogies for the Dál Cais of Thomond| General history |
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