TheDaitō Islands (大東諸島,Daitō-shotō) are anarchipelago consisting of three isolated coral islands, administered by Japan, in thePhilippine Sea southeast ofOkinawa. The islands have a total area of 44.427 square kilometers (17.153 sq mi) and a population of 2,107.[1]
Administratively, the whole group belongs toShimajiri District ofOkinawa Prefecture, and is divided between the villages ofMinamidaitō andKitadaitō, with uninhabitedOkidaitōjima island administered as part of Kitadaitō municipality, although physically located closer to Minamidaitōjima.
These islands have long been known in Okinawa asUfuagari (“the Great East”).[2][3] Okidaitōjima was first sighted by theSpanishexplorerBernardo de la Torre on 25 September 1543 during a failed attempt to find a northern route back toMexico from thePhilippines. Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima were recorded a few days later.[4] They were visited later by European explorers of various nations, and were commonly known as theBorodino Islands after a Russian vessel surveyed them in 1820.
The islands remained uninhabited until formally claimed by theEmpire of Japan in 1885. In 1900, a team of pioneers fromHachijōjima, one of theIzu Islands located 287 kilometers (178 mi) south of Tokyo led byTamaoki Han'emon (1838 – 1910), started a settlement on Minamidaitōjima, and began cultivating sugar cane. He subsequently led colonization efforts on Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima. Those two islands had substantial deposits ofguano, which was mined forphosphate-based fertilizer andgunpowder[citation needed]. By 1919, the population was more than 4000 people.
Kitadaitōjima is built of limestone from an ancient coral reef. In 1934, a team of Japanese scientists visited it in order to bore cores through the limestone, in an attempt to discover the nature of the rock upon which the limestone sits. In 1936, the bore hole reached a final depth of 431.67 meters. However, the scientists discovered nothing beyond fossil corals and ancient foraminiferous sands.[5]
Phytocoenosis on east coast of Minamidaitō Island.Ōike pond in Minamidaitō Village.
Being separated by more than 300 km fromRyukyu Islands, the nearest landmass, a unique and isolated ecosystem holding endemic species was established on Daitō Islands which doesn't includehabu vipers naturally unlike many of Ryukyu Islands.[6] Lack of snakes caused introduced and invasivetoads to flourish and run rampant.[7] Three main islands of Kita, Minami, and Oki were originally covered by virgin forests, however human activities including military exercise severely damaged and resulted in disappearing of forests and extinction of endemic species most notably on Okidaitōjima.[8] Aside fromeels, any fresh water fish and amphibians had not been recorded in pre-exploration periods. Entire archipelago excluding Okidaitōjima and smaller islands is listed as aWildlife Protection Areas in Japan extending for 4,251 hectare with a special protection zone of 234 hectare.
First sighted by Spanish navigatorBernardo de la Torre in late September 1543. Okidaitōjima was charted asAbreojos ("Eyes Open!") and Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima asLas Dos Hermanas ("The Two Sisters").
There is little doubt that the two smallIslas sin Provecho (Worthless Islands), sighted by the Spanish navigatorPedro de Unamuno on 28 July 1587, are the Daitō Islands.
The island of “Amsterdam”, which can be found to the west of “Malabrigo” on the maps of Quast, Martini, Sanson, and Nolin, according to Dahlgren, appears for the first time on a map of 1635. It was still searched for unsuccessfully by Beechey in 1827 and is clearly a longitudinal misplacement of Rasa Island, i.e., Okidaitōjima.
TheBreskens-Eylant discovered on the Dutch expedition ofMaarten Gerritszoon Vries (in theCastricum) andHendrik Corneliszoon Schaep (in theBreskens) on 8 May 1643 at 24°43 'N and 151°31' 30" E of Teneriffa ( 135°01 '30" E of Gr.), a low lying little island about c. 1.5 mylen (scarcely 2.8 km) long, is likewise identical with Isla Rasa, now Okidaitōjima (24°28' N; 131°11 'E). On Quast's chart, which was also used on the Vries expedition, the island of "Malabrigo" is situated 21 mylen to the west of "Breskens-Eylant". In theDaghregister of theBatavia port authority for 14 December 1643, on Vries’ voyage back, this discovery is called "Malabriga".
On an 1817 London chart, at c. 24°45 N; 134°10 E, is the entry "I. Dolores 1773" which doubtless goes back to a sighting from a SpanishManila galleon on her way from thePhilippines toNew Spain. We know that in 1773 the Spanish vesselNuestra Señora de Consolación with Felipe Tompson as pilot sailed fromManila toCalifornia viaNew Guinea. On that voyage Helen Reef, Ngatik, and Oroluk in theCaroline Islands were sighted. Tompson's southern route may not go against a sighting of the Daitos in the same year, but indicates that he initially tried to pursue the same course as his compatriot Francisco Antonio Maurelle seven years later, in 1780/81, a course which eventually was abandoned in favor of the traditional route.
On a trading voyage aboard theFelice fromWhampoa (Canton) to the northwest coast of America, the British captain John Meares on 4 and 5 April 1788 sighted three islands, which were believed to be a new discovery and called the "Grampus Isles". Notwithstanding the considerable longitudinal difference of 14°30 and 14°55 30, respectively, these Grampus Islands were Rasa (Okidaitōjima) and the Borodinos (Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima).
Kendrick Island (24°35 N; 134°00 E) is a further longitudinal misplacement of Rasa Island. The earliest chart on which to find it dates from 1805. The name probably refers to eitherJohn Kendrick senior, who from the second half of 1789 until his death in December 1794 was busy in the maritime regions in question (further trading voyages of his vesselLady Washington continued until 1794) orJohn Kendrick junior, who in July 1789 entered the Spanish service in Nootka Sound and as "Don Juan Kendrick", "was sent to Spain in 1796 … [as] a skillful pilot in the galleon service". As John Kendrick, Jr. was on the Northwest Coast for the fur trade (as a supercargo on theEliza) in 1799, his active time in Spanish service, during which he could have encountered Kendrick Island, is between 1789 and 1796. A contingent sighting must have taken place between the second half of 1789 and 1796, either on a trading voyage to or from East Asia or on the Manila galleon route from the Philippines to New Spain (Mexico).
According to Krusenstern, who refers to an Arrowsmith chart, the Bishop Rocks, lying at 25°20 N; 131°15 E, were discovered in 1796 or 1799 (the data are inconsistent) by Captain Bishop in theNautilus. However, 1797 was the only year theNautilus was east of the Ryukyu Islands, on her way fromMacao toKamchatka (16 June — 25 August 1797). It must have been during that voyage — any time between 6 and 31 July — that these rocks, presumably from afar, were sighted, which can be identified from their position with Minamidaitōjima, if not both Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima as a whole were perceived as "rocks".
Another sighting of Rasa Island occurred on 8 May 1807, byCésar-Joseph Bourayne, commander of the French frigateCanonnière, on the way fromCavite toAcapulco. The supposed discovery, whose position was fixed at 24°30 N; 130°18 30 E, was christened "Ile de la Canonnière".
The Western names that stuck to the Daitō Islands for more than 150 years were given in 1815 and in 1820: in 1815 Okidaitōjima was re-sighted by the last Manila galleon, the Spanish frigateSan Fernando de Magallanes, and was called "Isla Rasa", i.e. flat island; the position was fixed at 24°26 '40" N; 131°03' 46" E of Gr; and on 20 June 1820 (st. v.; 2 July 1820 st. n.) Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima were re-sighted by the Russian Navy's Lieutenant Sachar Ivanovič Ponafidin, who called themOstrova Borodino (Borodino Islands) after his ship of theRussian-American Company. The positions fixed by him were 25°50'N; 131°12 E for the southern and 26°02 N; 131°15 E for the northern island respectively.
"The brigNile, ofBoston, CaptainRobert Bennet Forbes, in her passage from Canton to theSandwich Islands, in August, 1825, passed two islands, the southernmost in lat. 25°42 N.; long. 131°13 E.; and the northern one in lat. 25°53 N.; long. 131°17 E. by good observations, and two chronometers", clearly a re-sighting of the Borodinos.
