InGreek mythology,Daedalus (UK:/ˈdiːdələs/,US:/ˈdɛdələs/;[1]Greek: Δαίδαλος;Latin:Daedalus;Etruscan:Taitale) was a skillful architect and craftsman, seen as a symbol of wisdom, knowledge and power. He is the father ofIcarus, the uncle ofPerdix, and possibly also the father ofIapyx. Among his most famous creations are the wooden cow forPasiphaë, theLabyrinth for KingMinos ofCrete which imprisoned theMinotaur, and wings that he and his son Icarus used to attempt to escape Crete. It was during this escape that Icarus did not heed his father's warnings and flew too close to the sun; the wax holding his wings together melted and Icarus fell to his death.
The nameDaidalos seems to be attested inLinear B, a writing system used to recordMycenaean Greek. The name appears in the formda-da-re-jo-de, possibly referring to a sanctuary.[2][3][4]
TheAthenians rewrote theCretan-born Daedalus as an Athenian himself, the grandson of the ancient kingErechtheus[15] who only fled to Crete after killing his nephew.[16]
A mythical craftsman named Daedalus is first mentioned in roughly 1400 BC on the Knossian Linear B tablets. He is later mentioned by Homer as the creator of a dancing floor forAriadne, similar to that whichHephaestus placed on the Shield of Achilles.[17] It is clear that this Daedalus was not an original character of Homer's. Rather, Homer was referencing mythology that his audience was already familiar with.[18]
Upper body of a Daedalic statue of a Kore,poros stone. Eleutherna, archaic period, 7th century BC.
Daedalus is not mentioned again in literature until the fifth century BC, but he is widely praised as an inventor, artist, and architect, though classical sources disagree on which inventions exactly are attributable to him. InPliny's Natural History (7.198) he is credited with inventing carpentry, including tools like the axe, saw, glue, and more.[19] Supposedly, he first invented masts and sails for ships for the navy of King Minos. He is also said to have carved statues so spirited they appeared to be living and moving.[20]Pausanias, in traveling around Greece, attributed to Daedalus numerous archaic woodencult figures (seexoana) that impressed him. In fact, so many other statues and artworks are attributed to Daedalus by Pausanias and various other sources that likely many of them were never made by him.[21]
In hisSocratic dialogue withMeno,Plato cites Daedalus's handiwork as a metaphor for genuine understanding oftruth, as opposed tobelief that coincidentally happens to be true.Socrates argues that while truth, like one of Daedalus's "moving" statues, is inherently valuable, their animacy would mean they are worthless if the owner cannot shackle them in place to stop them from wandering off.[22]
Daedalus gave his name,eponymously, to many Greek craftsmen and many Greek contraptions and inventions that represented dextrous skill. A specific sort of early Greek sculptures are named Daedalic sculpture in his honor.[23] InBoeotia there was a festival, theDaedala, in which a temporary wooden altar was fashioned and an effigy was made from an oak-tree and dressed in bridal attire. It was carried in a cart with a woman who acted as bridesmaid. The image was called daedala.[24] Some sources claim that the daedala did not receive their name from Daedalus, but the opposite.Pausanias claims that Daedalus was not the name given to the inventor at birth, but that he was named so later after the daedala.[25]
Some of the functions of Daedalus overlapped with those ofAristaeus (Aristaeos), another famous Greek inventor god. But Aristaeos mostly concerned himself with the rural and agricultural arts.
Perdix (Talus) changed into a partridge when thrown from the Acropolis by an envious Daedalus (1602–1607)[26]
Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts as an apprentice. His nephew is named variously asPerdix, Talos, or Calos, although some sources say that Perdix was the name of Daedalus' sister.[27] The nephew showed striking evidence of ingenuity. Finding the spine of a fish on the seashore, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, and thus invented the saw. He put two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends, and made a pair of compasses.[28] Daedalus was so envious of his nephew's accomplishments that he attempted to murder him by throwing him down from theAcropolis in Athens.[29]Athena saved his nephew and turned him into apartridge.[30] Tried and convicted for this murder attempt, Daedalus left Athens and fled toCrete.[31][32]
Poseidon had given a white bull toKing Minos to use it as a sacrifice. Instead, the king kept the bull for himself and sacrificed another. As revenge, Poseidon, with the help ofAphrodite, made King Minos's wife,Pasiphaë, lust for the bull. Pasiphaë asked Daedalus to help her. Daedalus built a hollow, wooden cow, covered in real cow hide for Pasiphaë, so she could mate with the bull. As a result, Pasiphaë gave birth to theMinotaur, a creature with the body of a man, but the head and tail of a bull. King Minos ordered the Minotaur to be imprisoned and guarded in the Labyrinth built by Daedalus for that purpose.[33]
Daedalus escapes (iuvat evasisse) by Johann Christoph Sysang (1703–1757)
In the story of the Labyrinth as told by theHellenes, the Athenian heroTheseus is challenged to kill the Minotaur, finding his way back out with the help ofAriadne's thread. It is Daedalus himself who gives Ariadne the clue as to how to escape the labyrinth.[34]
Ignoring Homer, later writers envisaged the Labyrinth as an edifice rather than a single dancing path to the center and out again, and gave it numerous winding passages and turns that opened into one another, seeming to have neither beginning nor end.Ovid, in hisMetamorphoses, suggests that Daedalus constructed the Labyrinth so cunningly that he himself could barely escape it after he built it.[35]
After Theseus and Ariadne eloped together,[38] Daedalus and his sonIcarus were imprisoned by King Minos in the labyrinth that he had built.[39] He could not leave Crete by sea, as King Minos kept a strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to sail without being carefully searched. Since Minos controlled the land routes as well, Daedalus set to work to make wings for himself and his son Icarus. Using bird feathers of various sizes, thread, and beeswax, he shaped them to resemble a bird's wings. When both were prepared for flight, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high, because the heat of the sun would melt the beeswax that held his feathers together, nor too low, because the sea foam would soak the feathers and make them heavy and he would fall.[40] After Daedalus and Icarus had passedSamos,Delos, andLebynthos, Icarus disobeyed his father and began to soar upward toward the sun. Without any warning, the sun melted the beeswax (which held the feathers together). Icarus was flapping his "wings". But he realized he had no feathers left and was flapping his featherless arms. And he plunged into the sea and drowned. Seeing Icarus' wings floating, Daedalus wept, cursed his art, and after finding Icarus's body on an island shore buried him there. Then he named the islandIcaria in the memory of his child.[41] The southeast end of the Aegean Sea where Icarus fell into the water was also called "Mare Icarium" or the Icarian Sea.[42]
In a twist of fate, a partridge, presumably the nephew Daedalus murdered, mocked Daedalus as he buried his son. The fall and death of Icarus is seemingly portrayed as punishment for Daedalus's murder of his nephew.[43]
After burying Icarus, Daedalus traveled to Camicus inSicily, where he stayed as a guest under the protection of King Cocalus.[44] There Daedalus built a temple toApollo, and hung up his wings as an offering to the god. In an invention ofVirgil (Aeneid VI), Daedalus flies toCumae and founds his temple there, rather than in Sicily.[45]
Minos, meanwhile, searched for Daedalus by traveling from city to city asking a riddle. He presented a spiral seashell and asked for a string to be run through it. When he reached Camicus, King Cocalus, knowing Daedalus would be able to solve the riddle, accepted the shell and gave it to Daedalus. Daedalus tied the string to an ant which, lured by a drop of honey at one end, walked through the seashell stringing it all the way through. With the riddle solved, Minos realized that Daedalus was in the court of King Cocalus and insisted he be handed over. Cocalus agreed to do so, but convinced Minos to take a bath first. In the bath, Cocalus' daughters killed Minos, possibly by pouring boiling water over his body.[46] In some versions, it is Cocalus that kills Minos in the bath.[47] Other variants say that Daedalus himself poured the boiling water, or that he had built the pipes that could supply hot water to the bath and this was used to instead pour boiling water on him.[48][dubious –discuss]
At least two locations are associated with the death of Daedalus. One version of the story says he retired to the Cretan colony ofTelmessos, ruled by Minos's estranged brother Sarpedon, and while wandering outside the city, he was bitten by a snake and died. A town on this site, Daidala, is said to be named after him, and is mentioned in Roman sources.[49] Another version of the story places his death on a small island in theNile river, where he was later worshipped.[50] Yet another version has him dying after being bitten by a water snake inLycia (westernAsia Minor).[51][52]
The anecdotes are literary and late. However, in the founding tales of the Greek colony ofGela, founded in the 680s BC on the southwest coast of Sicily, a tradition was preserved that the Greeks had seizedcult images wrought by Daedalus from their local predecessors, theSicani.[53]
Daedalus and the myths associated with him are often depicted in paintings, sculptures, and more by later artists. The myth about his flight and the fall of Icarus is especially popular in depictions. A few noteworthy pieces are included below.
^Pausanias, 8.46.2 & 9.40.3-4; T.J. Dunbabin,The Western Greeks, 1948; S.P. Morris,Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art (1992:199), all noted by Fox 2009:189 note 9.
Suida,Suda Encyclopedia translated by Ross Scaife, David Whitehead, William Hutton, Catharine Roth, Jennifer Benedict, Gregory Hays, Malcolm Heath Sean M. Redmond, Nicholas Fincher, Patrick Rourke, Elizabeth Vandiver, Raphael Finkel, Frederick Williams, Carl Widstrand, Robert Dyer, Joseph L. Rife, Oliver Phillips and many others.Online version at the Topos Text Project.
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