It grows to an average total length (body + tail) of 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in), with a maximum total length of 130 cm (51 in).[3] The head is triangular, distinct from the neck and covered by small scales. The upper part of the body is colored by large dark rhomboid blotches sometimes forming a zig-zag pattern.[8]
The harmlesscoin-marked snake, which lives in the same areas as the Palestine viper, resembles it in length, coloration and defensive behavior, to the extent that people frequently get confused between them. This is probably a case ofBatesian mimicry.[9]
It is found in northern and centralIsrael,Palestine, western Syria, northwestern Jordan, and Lebanon.[2][5][1] In 2017 a specimen was found in Turkey.[10] Mallow et al. (2003) describe the range as relatively restricted, with the distribution being concentrated in theMediterranean coastal plains to the inland hills of Lebanon and Israel, along with the adjoining regions of Syria and Jordan.[3]
This species is assessed asLeast Concern according to theIUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It was given this status due to its relatively wide distribution, the fact that it is found in a wide range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is unknown.[1]
The classification of this species has resulted in muchtaxonomic controversy. BeforeFranz Werner (1938), this snake was included inMontivipera xanthina, and subsequently synonymized withV. lebetina byBoulenger (1896).Mertens (1952) moved it back toM. xanthina as a subspecies, and more recently a number of authorities, including Obst (1983) and Mallow et al. (2003) have included it as part of thegenusDaboia.[3] The result is that many studies related to this medically significant species have been published under different scientific names.[3]
TheLD50 of this viper's venom is 0.34 mg/kg.[11] Since the second half of the 20th century there is an antivenom for this snake's venom, which is considered safe and effective.[12][13] But occasionally people still die from this snake's bite. The mortality rate of people who were bitten is 0.5% to 2%.[14] At least 7 people were reported to die of this snake's bite in the 21st century in Israel so far.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
The venom includes at least four families of pharmacologically active compounds: (i)neurotoxins; (ii)hemorrhagins; (iii)angioneurin growth factors; and (iv) different types ofintegrin inhibitors.[14]
The copulation of this snake takes place around May.[22] Unlike most other vipers, who areviviparous,[23] this snake isoviparous.[22] It lays eggs around August and the eggs hatch 1.5–2 months after that.[24][22] The young snakes can bite and kill their prey with a developed venom apparatus.[24]
This snake is probably mentioned in a list of venomous snakes in ancient Egypt, that appears in theBrooklyn Papyrus from the first millennium BC.[25]
Some modern scholars and commentators have identified the צפע (pronouncedTsefa/Zefa) snake mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as this snake species.[24][26] The name given to this snake in modern Hebrew is צפע מצוי (commonTsefa).[27]
The code phrase “Nahash Tsefa” (Viper Snake) was broadcast on the radio and TV to instruct Israeli citizens to put on their gas masks during missile attacks from Iraq against Israel, in the firstGulf War in 1991.[28]
^abcdMcDiarmid RW;Campbell JA; Touré T (1999).Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Herpetologists' League.ISBN1-893777-01-4.
^abcdeMallow D; Ludwig D; Nilson G (2003).True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.ISBN0-89464-877-2.
^Mehrtens JM (1987).Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers.ISBN0-8069-6460-X.
Golay P,Smith HM,Broadley DG [fr],Dixon JR, McCarthy CJ, Rage J-C, Schätti B, Toriba M. 1993.Endoglyphs and Other Venomous Snakes of the World. Geneva: Azemiops. 478 pp.
Werner F. 1938.Eine verkannte Viper ( Vipera palaestinae n. sp.).Zoologischer Anzeiger122: 313-318.
