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.jpg) DVD-Audio release ofRumours byFleetwood Mac | |
| Media type | Optical disc |
|---|---|
| Encoding | Meridian Lossless Packing or uncompressedLPCM[1] |
| Capacity | up to 8.5 GB |
| Read mechanism | 640 nm wavelength semiconductor laser |
| Standard | DVD Books, Part 4, DVD-Audio Book, DVD Audio Recording Book[2][3][4][5] |
| Developed by | DVD Forum |
| Usage | Audio storage |
| Extended from | |
| Extended to | High Fidelity Pure Audio Blu-ray |
| Released | 2000; 25 years ago (2000) |
DVD-Audio (commonly abbreviated asDVD-A) is a digitalformat for deliveringhigh-fidelity audio content on aDVD. DVD-Audio uses most of the storage on the disc for high-quality audio and is not intended to be a video delivery format.
The standard was published in March 1999[3] and the first discs entered the marketplace in 2000. DVD-Audio was in aformat war withSuper Audio CD (SACD), and along with consumers' tastes trending towards downloadable and streaming music, these factors meant that neither high-quality disc achieved considerable market traction; DVD-Audio has been described as "extinct" by 2007.[6] DVD-Audio remains a niche market but some independent online labels offer a wider choice of titles.
DVD-Audio offers many possible configurations ofaudio channels, ranging from single-channelmono to 5.1-channelsurround sound, at various sampling frequencies and sample rates.[7] (The ".1" denotes alow-frequency effects channel (LFE) for bass and/or special audio effects.)
Compared to thecompact disc, the much higher capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of either:
Audio on a DVD-Audio disc can be stored in many different bit depth/sampling rate/channel combinations:
| 16, 20 or 24 bits per sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44.1 kHz | 48 kHz | 88.2 kHz | 96 kHz | 176.4 kHz | 192 kHz | |
| Mono (1.0) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Stereo (2.0) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Stereo (2.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Stereo + mono surround (3.0 or 3.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Quad (4.0 or 4.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| 3-stereo (3.0 or 3.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| 3-stereo + mono surround (4.0 or 4.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Full surround (5.0 or 5.1) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Different bit depth/sampling rate/channel combinations can be used on a single disc. For instance, a DVD-Audio disc may contain a 96 kHz/24-bit 5.1-channel audio track as well as a 192 kHz/24-bit stereo audio track. Also, the channels of a track can be split into two groups stored at different resolutions. For example, the front speakers could be 96/24, while the surrounds are 48/20.
Audio is stored on the disc inLinear PCM format, which is either uncompressed orlosslessly compressed withMLP (Meridian Lossless Packing).[1] The maximum permissible totalbit rate is 9.6 Megabits per second. Channel/resolution combinations that would exceed this need to be compressed. In uncompressed modes, it is possible to get up to 96/16 or 48/24 in 5.1, and 192/24 in stereo. To store 5.1 tracks in 88.2/20, 88.2/24, 96/20 or 96/24 MLP encoding is mandatory.
If no native stereo audio exists on the disc, the DVD-Audio player may be able todownmix the 5.1-channel audio to two-channel stereo audio if the listener does not have a surround sound setup (provided that the coefficients were set in the stream at authoring). Downmixing can only be done to two-channel stereo, not to other configurations, such as 4.0 quad. DVD-Audio may also feature menus, text subtitles, still images and video, plus in high end authoring systems it is also possible to link directly into a Video_TS directory that might contain video tracks, as well as PCM stereo and other "bonus" features.
With the introduction of the DVD-Audio format, some kind ofbackward compatibility with existingDVD-Video players was desired, although not required. To address this, most DVD-Audio discs also contain DVD-Video compatible data to play the standard DVD-VideoDolby Digital 5.1-channel audio track on the disc[8] (which can be downmixed to two channels for listeners with no surround sound setup). Many DVD-Video players also offer the option to create a Dolby MP matrix-encoded soundtrack for older surround sound systems lacking Dolby Digital or DTS decoding. Some discs also include a native Dolby Digital 2.0 stereo, and even aDTS 96/24 5.1-channel, audio track.[9]
Since the DVD-Audio format is a member of the DVD family, a single disc can have multiple layers and even two sides that contain audio and video material. A common configuration is a single-sided DVD with content in both the DVD-Video (VIDEO_TS) and DVD-Audio (AUDIO_TS) directories. The high-resolution, Packed PCM audio encoded using MLP is only playable by DVD players containing DVD-Audio decoding capability. DVD-Video content, which can include LPCM, Dolby or DTS material, and even video, makes the disc compatible with all DVD players. Other disc configurations may consist of double-layer DVDs (DVD-9) or two-sided discs (DVD-10, DVD-14 or DVD-18). Some labels have released two-sided DVD titles that contain DVD-Audio content on one side and DVD-Video content on the other, the Classic Records HDAD being one such example.
Unofficial playback of DVD-Audio on a PC is possible throughfreewareaudio playerfoobar2000 forWindows using anopen source plug-in extension called DVDADecoder.[10]VLC media player has DVD-Audio support[11] Cyberlink'sPowerDVD Version 8 provides an official method of playing DVD-Audio discs. This feature was dropped from version 9 onwards.[12] Creative also provide a dedicated DVD-Audio player with some of its Soundblaster Audigy and X-Fi cards.[13]
In order to play DVD-Audio, a preamplifier or surround controller with six analog inputs was originally required.[14] Whereas DVD-Video audio formats such asDolby Digital andDTS can be sent via the player's digital output to a receiver for conversion to analog form and distribution to speakers, DVD-Audio is not allowed to be delivered via unencrypted digital audio link at sample rates higher than 48 kHz (i.e., ordinary DVD-Video quality) due to concerns about digital copying.[14]
However, encrypted digital formats have now been approved by the DVD Forum, the first of which was Meridian Audio's MHR (Meridian High Resolution). The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI 1.1) also allows encrypted digital audio to be carried up to DVD-Audio specification (6 × 24-bit/96 kHz channels or 2 × 24-bit/192 kHz channels). The six channels of audio information can thus be sent to the amplifier by several different methods:
Researchers in 2004 found that, amongst a selected group of listeners on a selected playback setup, no perceptible difference was reported in audio quality between DVD-A and SACD.[15]
The claimed benefits ofhigh-resolution audio, such as that supported by DVD-A, are the subject of controversy (seeHigh-resolution audio § Controversy).
Four of the majormusic labels,Universal Music,EMI,Warner Bros. Records,Naxos Records and several smaller audiophile labels (such asAIX Records, Claudio Records, DTS Entertainment, Silverline Records, OgreOgress Productions, Tacet andTeldec) have released albums on DVD-Audio, but the number is minimal compared to standard CDs. New high-definition titles have been released in standard DVD-Video format (which can contain two-channel Linear PCM audio data ranging from 48 kHz/16-bit to 96 kHz/24-bit), "HDAD",[16] which includes a DVD-Video format recording on one side and DVD-Audio on the other, CD/DVD packages, which can include the album on both CD and DVD-Audio, orDualDisc, which can contain DVD-Audio content on the DVD side. In addition, some titles that had been initially released as a standalone DVD-Audio disc (such as TheGrateful Dead'sAmerican Beauty andR.E.M.'sAutomatic for the People) were re-released as a CD/DVD package or as a DualDisc.
DVD-Audio discs may optionally employ acopy protection mechanism calledContent Protection for Prerecorded Media (CPPM).[17] CPPM, managed by the4C Entity, was designed to prevent users from extracting audio to computers and portable media players. The 4C Entity also developed a similar specification,Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM), which is used onSecure Digital cards.
Because DVD-Video'sContent Scramble System (CSS) was quickly broken, the proposed launch of DVD-Audio was postponed from Autumn 1999 and the music labels stalled software production while DVD-Audio's developers sought a better method of blocking unauthorized duplications.[18] They developed CPPM, which uses aMedia Key Block (MKB) to authenticate DVD-Audio players. In order to decrypt the audio, players must obtain a media key from the MKB, which also is encrypted. The player must use its own unique key to decrypt the MKB. If a DVD-Audio player's decryption key is compromised, that key can be rendered useless for decrypting future DVD-Audio discs.
DVD-Audio discs can also utilizeaudio watermarking technology developed by theVerance Corporation, typically embedded into the audio once every thirty seconds. If a DVD-Audio player encounters a watermark on a disc without a valid MKB, it will halt playback.[19]
DVD-Audio's copy protection was overcome in 2005[19] by tools which allow data to be decrypted or converted to 6-channel.WAV files without going through lossydigital-to-analog conversion. Previously that conversion had required expensive equipment to retain allsix channels of audio rather than having it downmixed to stereo. In the digital method, the decryption is done by a commercial software player that has been patched to allow access to the unprotected audio.
In 2007 the encryption scheme was overcome with a tool calleddvdcpxm. On 12 February 2008 a program called DVD-Audio Explorer was released, containing the aforementioned libdvdcpxm coupled with an open-source MLP decoder.[20]
Like DVD-Video decryption, such tools may be illegal to use in theUnited States under theDigital Millennium Copyright Act. While theRecording Industry Association of America has been successful in keeping these tools off Web sites, they are still distributed onP2P file sharing networks and newsgroups.[21] Additionally, in 2007 the widely used commercial softwareDVDFab Platinum added DVD-Audio decryption, allowing users to back up a full DVD-A image to anISO image file.[22]
