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.jpg) A Marine sniper monitors the international neutral corridor from a rooftop in Santo Domingo. | |
| Abbreviation | DOMREP |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1965 |
| Type | Peacekeeping force |
| Legal status | Completed |
| Purpose | Observe the ceasefire agreement |
| Headquarters | Santo Domingo |
| Location | |
Secretary General | U Thant |
Head of Mission | José Antonio Mayobre |
Military advisor | Indar Jit Rikhye |
Parent organization | Department of Peacekeeping Operations |
| Expenses | $275,831 |
| Staff | 4 including up to 2 military observers from Brazil, Canada and Ecuador. |
| Website | https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/domrep/ |
TheMission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP) was apeacekeeping operation established in 1965 by the UN to observe the ceasefire agreement between the two de facto authorities in theDominican Republic during theDominican Civil War.[1] DOMREP was instructed to report any breaches of the agreements between the Constitutionalists led byJuan Bosch andFrancisco Caamaño, and Loyalists commanded byElías Wessin y Wessin and backed by the United States.[1] Once the new Dominican constitutional government was formed, DOMREP withdrew.[1]
Following the outbreak of civil war three weeks prior in the country, and the subsequent intervention of the United States – under the codenameOperation Power Pack –, theUnited Nations Security Council organized DOMREP to oversee aceasefire andfree elections in the Dominican Republic.[2] TheSecretary-General of the United NationsU Thant appointed MrJosé Antonio Mayobre to oversee the mission until completion.[3] The UN DOMREP mission was significant because it marked the only peacekeeping mission to occur in theWestern Hemisphere and in the sphere of American influence in theCold War era.[4] General elections were held on 1 June 1966, resulting in victory forJoaquín Balaguer, and initiating the withdrawal of the peacekeeping operations in September 1966.[2]
The Dominican Republic has been successively colonized by theSpanish, theFrench, the Haitians and theBritish since the 15th century, though temporarily gaining independence in the late 19th century. Following the establishment of theMonroe Doctrine in 1823,the United States had directly or indirectly intervened in the politics, economy and society ofLatin America, seeking to place the entire continent under its own sphere of influence by supporting puppet regimes.[5] Since 1930, the Dominican Republic had been under the dictatorship ofRafael Trujillo and his family, who were backed by the U.S to control Dominica politically and economically.[6] Trujillo's dictatorship isolated the Dominican Republic both financially and diplomatically, with efforts ofstate-sponsored terrorism angering the Republic's Latin American neighbours. Following Trujillo'sattempted assassination of the US-Backed Venezuelan PresidentRómulo Betancourt, theEisenhower Administration approved aCIA-Backed assassination of Trujillo by various Dominican business leaders and military officers on 30 May 1961.[7] Trujillo's family failed to maintain control of the country, and fled following theRebellion of the Pilots on 19 November 1961.
In 1962, long-time Dominican opposition leader,Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño won the first free election in the Republic's history.[8] Bosch's government pursued an agenda of civilian control of the military, a secular constitution and widespread popularland reforms. This agenda angered both the Dominican Military and Dominican landholders, ending Bosch's government in a Coup d'état on 25 September 1963. From December 1963 to April 1965, the Dominican Republic became amilitary junta under atriumvirate led byDonald Reid Cabral.
By 1965, however, discontentment following failed reform at stabilizing the country led to a military counter-coup (headed byFrancisco Caamaño) to removed the junta from power.[9] Loyalists towards Reid, led by GeneralElías Wessin y Wessin attempted a second counter-coup, beginning the Dominican Civil War. On the advice of the US ambassador to the Dominican Republic,William Tapley Bennett Jr.,[10] who urged that the U.S should act before an international coalition ever had the time to form, US PresidentLyndon B. Johnson organizedOperation Power Pack, allowing the occupation of the country under theOrganization of American States (OAS) by the mobilizedInter-American Peace Force (IAPF).
DOMREP was formed both to help broker the ceasefire between the Constitutionalists and Loyalists, as well as to act as a balance against US influence in the Republic under theOAS.[6] Initial US intervention had witnessed strong opposition from neighbouring Latin American states, along with France and theSoviet Union. The latter claimed that the OAS Force was the usage of an International Organization to legitimizeAmerican imperialism.[11] The Soviet Union led efforts through theSecurity Council on 1 May 1965 to authorize DOMREP. The Mission called for and observed a ceasefire between the Constitutionalist and Loyalist factions of the Dominican military.
DOMREP was authorized on 14 May 1965, however, the UN lacked 'boots on the ground'. The UN Peacekeeping Mission had no real troops assigned to guarantee the ceasefire compliance, counting only with a small team of observers from Brazil, Canada, andEcuador.[12] Instead, the UN gave the OAS responsibility of providing the military force. Country members of the OAS organized a task force of 12,400 US personnel and 1,763 soldiers from various Latin American countries.[3]
UN Security Council Resolutions 203 and 205 placed the country under Security Council observation, and requested the OAS to inform the UN of its actions within the Dominican Republic.[13][14] Venezuelan Executive Secretary José Antonio Mayobre acted as the representative of the UN Secretary-General, accompanied by the Indian Major-GeneralIndar Jit Rikhye as a military advisor.[15] The mission faced early criticism. Dominican Foreign MinisterHoracio Vicioso Soto complained that DOMREP did not allow the Dominican Republic police to act in a sovereign manner in the conflict zone, bringing criticism of UN and OAS violation of the Dominican Republic's status as an independent state.[1]
DOMREP involvement came to an end following the signing of the Act of Dominican Reconciliation on 31 August 1965, led by the OAS. The act agreed on free elections throughout the country to end the conflict. The elections saw the victory of President Joaquín Balaguer against Bosch. The last troops of both the OAS-ledIAPF and UN-led DOMREP withdrew on 21 September 1966.[2]
| Country[3] | Number of Soldiers | Special Represesentative |
|---|---|---|
 United States | 12,400 | Lieutenant-GeneralBruce Palmer Jr. |
 Brazil | 1.152 | GeneralHugo Panasco Alvim |
 Honduras | 250 | |
 Paraguay | 178 | |
 Nicaragua | 159 | |
 Costa Rica | 21Military police | |
 El Salvador | 3Officers |
The United States had presented their mission as fait accompli (accomplished fact), and were also aware that DOMREP was acting as an observer mission with no peace-keeping forces assigned. The United States, therefore, did not raise its concerns about DOMREP in the United Nations, although there was a lack of a proper working relationship between the DOMREP mission and the OAS mission, contributing to long drawn-out violations with regard to human rights in addition to the ceasefire.[16] The mission, although relatively small, had been one of considerable complexity, specifically regarding the unilateral role of the United States and the later role of the IAPF. Despite this, the United Nations also benefited from the presence of the regional organization in the Dominican Republic, by not having to allocate financial resources for a military presence as well as maintaining a legal precedent over all operations in the country. They were further benefited by the reception of Dominican authorities who recognised the UN's commitment to achieving peace and harmony in the region while also repudiating the IAPF in letters that voice strong criticism of their role.[17]
Bernardo Rodrigues dos Santos argues that DOMREP could be viewed as a success from the perspective of having successfully completed its Security Council Mandate.[18] Unlike many of the preceding UN peacekeeping missions, DOMREP was engaged in a mission taking place in the military presence of one of the Cold War powers at the time, without having UN military personnel on the ground. Even though not expressly against the rules of theUN Charter, the United States had initially sent a military intervention without the authorization of the Security Council, which was required in such a circumstance. DOMREP also marked the first occasion in which a UN Peacekeeping Mission was confronted with operating alongside another regional organization pursuing the same objective – in this case the OAS. By checking the power of the United States in their own geopoliticalsphere of influence, the mission overall was argued to be a relatively successful attempt of the UN in dealing with unilateral interventionism by one of its own Security Council Permanent Members.[18]
DOMREP has been argued as both a means of US legitimization of their earlier intervention under the OAS, and as a Soviet response to limit US influence in the Dominican Republic.
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