DJ Kool Herc | |
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 DJ Kool Herc in New York, 2006 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as |
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| Born | Clive Campbell (1955-04-16)April 16, 1955 (age 70)[1] |
| Origin | The Bronx, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip-hop |
| Occupation | DJ |
| Years active | 1973–present[2] |
| Website | djkoolherc |
Clive Campbell (born April 16, 1955), better known by his stage nameDJ Kool Herc, is a Jamaican-American DJ who is credited with being the founder ofhip-hop music inthe Bronx, New York City, in 1973. Nicknamed theFather of Hip-Hop, Campbell began playinghard funk records of the sort typified byJames Brown. Campbell isolated the instrumental portion of the record which emphasized the drum beat—the "break"—and switch from one break to another. Using the same two-turntable set-up ofdisco DJs, he used two copies of the same record to elongate the break. Thisbreakbeat DJing, using funky drum solos, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers helped lead to thesyncopated, rhythmically spoken accompaniment now known asrapping.
He called the dancers "break-boys" and "break-girls", or simply b-boys and b-girls, terms that continue to be used fifty years later in the sport ofbreaking. Campbell's DJ style was quickly taken up by figures such asAfrika Bambaataa andGrandmaster Flash. Unlike them, he never made the move into commercially recorded hip hop in its earliest years. On November 3, 2023, Campbell was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Musical Influence Award category.[3]
Clive Campbell was the first of six children born to Keith and Nettie Campbell inKingston, Jamaica. While growing up, he saw and heard thesound systems of neighborhood parties calleddance halls, and the accompanying speech of their DJs, known astoasting. He emigrated with his family at the age of 13 toThe Bronx,New York City in November 1967,[4] where they lived at1520 Sedgwick Avenue.
Campbell attended theAlfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the Bronx, where his height, frame, and demeanor on the basketball court prompted the other kids to nickname him "Hercules".[5] After being involved in a physical altercation with school bullies, theFive Percenters came to Herc's aid, befriended him and as Herc put it, helped "Americanize" him with an education in New York City street culture.[6] He began running with agraffiti crew called the Ex-Vandals, taking the name Kool Herc.[7] Herc recalls persuading his father to buy him a copy of "Sex Machine" byJames Brown, a record that not a lot of his friends had, and which they would come to him to hear.[8] He used the recreation room of their building, 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.[9]
Herc's first sound system consisted of two turntables connected to twoamplifiers and a Shure "Vocal Master" PA system with two speaker columns, on which he played records such asJames Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose",Jimmy Castor's "It's Just Begun" andBooker T. & the M.G.'s' "Melting Pot".[7] With Bronx clubs struggling with street gangs, uptown DJs catering to an older disco crowd with different aspirations, and commercial radio also catering to a demographic distinct from teenagers in the Bronx, Herc's parties, organized and promoted by his sister Cindy, had a ready-made audience.[7][10][11]
DJ Kool Herc developed the style that was used as one of the additions to the blueprints forhip hop music. Herc used the record to focus on a short, heavily percussive part in it: the "break". Since this part of the record was the one the dancers liked best, Herc isolated the break and prolonged it by changing between two record players. As one record reached the end of the break, he cued a second record back to the beginning of the break, which allowed him to extend a relatively short section of music into a "five-minute loop of fury".[12] This innovation had its roots in what Herc called "The Merry-Go-Round", a technique by which the deejay switched from break to break at the height of the party. This technique is specifically called "The Merry-Go-Round" because according to Herc, it takes one "back and forth with no slack."[13]
Herc stated that he first introduced the Merry-Go-Round into his sets in 1973.[14] The earliest knownMerry-Go-Round involved playing James Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" (with itsrefrain, "Now clap your hands! Stomp your feet!"), then switching from that record's break into the break from a second record, "Bongo Rock" by theIncredible Bongo Band. From the "Bongo Rock"'s break, Herc used a third record to switch to the break on "The Mexican" by the English rock bandBabe Ruth.[15]
Kool Herc also contributed to developing the rhyming style of hip hop by punctuating the recorded music with slang phrases, announcing: "Rock on, my mellow!" "B-boys, b-girls, are you ready? keep on rock steady" "This is the joint! Herc beat on the point" "To the beat, y'all!" "You don't stop!"[16][17] For his contributions,Time nicknamed Herc the "Founding Father of Hip Hop",[18][19] called him "nascent cultural hero",[20] and an integral part of the beginnings of hip hop.[21][22]
On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was a disc jockey andemcee at a party hosted by himself and his younger sister Cindy at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.[23] She wanted to earn extra cash for back-to-school clothes, so she decided to throw a party where her older brother, then just 18 years old, would play music for the neighborhood in their apartment building. She promoted the event with flyers and organized the party.[24] She also styled her brother's clothes for the party.[25]
According to music journalist Steven Ivory, in 1973, Herc placed on the turntables two copies of Brown's 1970Sex Machine album and ran "an extended cut 'n' mix of the percussion breakdown" from "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose", signaling the birth of hip hop.[26][27]
The "b-boys" and "b-girls" were the dancers to Herc's breaks, who were described as "breaking". Herc has noted that "breaking" was also street slang of the time meaning "getting excited", "acting energetically", or "causing a disturbance".[28] Herc coined the terms "b-boy", "b-girl", and "breaking" which became part of the lexicon of what would be eventually called hip hop culture. Early Kool Herc b-boy and later DJ innovatorGrandmixer DXT describes the early evolution as follows:
... [E]verybody would form a circle and the B-boys would go into the center. At first the dance was simple: touch your toes, hop, kick out your leg. Then some guy went down, spun around on all fours. Everybody said wow and went home to try to come up with something better.[16]
In the early 1980s, the media began to call this style "breakdance", which in 1991The New York Times wrote was "an art as demanding and inventive as mainstreamdance forms like ballet and jazz."[29] Since this emerging culture was still without a name, participants often identified as "b-boys", a usage that included and went beyond the specific connection to dance, a usage that would persist in hip hop culture.[30]
With the mystique of hisgraffiti name, his physical stature, and the reputation of his small parties, Herc became a folk hero in the Bronx. He began to play at nearby clubs including the Hevalo (now Salvation Baptist Church),[31] Twilight Zone,[9] Executive Playhouse, thePAL on 183rd Street,[7] as well as at high schools such as Dodge andTaft.[32] Rapping duties were delegated toCoke La Rock[33] and Theodore Puccio.[34] Herc's collective, known as The Herculoids, was augmented by Clark Kent and dancers The Nigga Twins.[7] Herc took his soundsystem (the herculords) —still legendary for its sheer volume[35]—to the streets and parks of the Bronx.Nelson George recalls a schoolyard party:
The sun hadn't gone down yet, and kids were just hanging out, waiting for something to happen. Van pulls up, a bunch of guys come out with a table, crates of records. They unscrew the base of the light pole, take their equipment, attach it to that, get the electricity – Boom! We got a concert right here in the schoolyard and it's this guy Kool Herc. And he's just standing with the turntable, and the guys were studying his hands. There are people dancing, but there's as many people standing, just watching what he's doing. That was my first introduction to in-the-street, hip hop DJing.[36]
In 1975, the youngGrandmaster Flash, to whom Kool Herc was, in his words, "a hero", began DJing in Herc's style. By 1976, Flash and hisMCsThe Furious Five played to a packedAudubon Ballroom inManhattan. Venue owners were often nervous of unruly young crowds, however, and soon sent hip hop back to the clubs, community centres and high school gymnasiums of the Bronx.[37]
Afrika Bambaataa first heard Kool Herc in 1973. Bambaataa, at that time a general in the notoriousBlack Spades gang of the Bronx, obtained his own soundsystem in 1975 and began to DJ in Herc's style, converting his followers to the non-violentZulu Nation in the process. Kool Herc began usingThe Incredible Bongo Band's "Apache" as a break in 1975. It became a firm b-boy favorite—"the Bronx national anthem"[16]—and is still in use in hip hop today.[14]Steven Hager wrote of this period:
For over five years the Bronx had lived in constant terror of street gangs. Suddenly, in 1975, they disappeared almost as quickly as they had arrived. This happened because something better came along to replace the gangs. That something was eventually called hip-hop.[16]
In 1979, the record company executiveSylvia Robinson assembled a group she calledThe Sugarhill Gang and recorded "Rapper's Delight". The hit song ushered in the era of commercially released hip hop. By that year's end,Grandmaster Flash was recording forEnjoy Records. In 1980, Afrika Bambaataa began recording forWinley. By this time, DJ Kool Herc's star had faded.
Grandmaster Flash suggests that Herc may not have kept pace with developments in techniques of cueing (lining up a record to play at a certain place on it).[38] Developments changed techniques of cutting (switching from one record to another) and scratching (moving the record by hand to and fro under the stylus for percussive effect) in the late 1970s. Herc said he retreated from the scene after being stabbed at the Executive Playhouse while trying to intercede in a fight, and the burning down of one of his venues. In 1980, Herc had stopped DJing and was working in a record shop in South Bronx.
Kool Herc appeared in Hollywood's motion picture take on hip hop,Beat Street (Orion, 1984), as himself. In the mid-1980s, his father died, and he became addicted tocrack cocaine. "I couldn't cope, so I started medicating", he says of this period.[39]
In 1994, Herc performed onTerminator X & the Godfathers of Threatt's album,Super Bad.[7] In 2005, he wrote the foreword toJeff Chang's book on hip hop,Can't Stop Won't Stop. In 2005 he appeared in the music video of "Top 5 (Dead or Alive)" byJin from the albumThe Emcee's Properganda. In 2006, he became involved in getting Hip Hop commemorated at theSmithsonian Institution museums.[40] He participated in the 2007Dance parade.
Since 2007, Herc has worked on a campaign to prevent 1520 Sedgwick Avenue from being sold to developers and withdrawn from its status as aMitchell-Lama affordable housing property.[41] In the summer of 2007, New York state officials declared 1520 Sedgwick Avenue the "birthplace of hip-hop", and nominated it to national and state historic registers.[9] The city's Department of Housing Preservation and Development ruled against the proposed sale in February 2008, on the grounds that "the proposed purchase price is inconsistent with the use of property as a Mitchell-Lama affordable housing development". It is the first time they have so ruled in such a case.[42]
According toThe Source,[43] DJ Kool Herc fell gravely ill in early 2011 and was said to lack health insurance.[44] He had surgery forkidney stones, with astent placed to relieve the pressure. He needed follow-up surgery butSt. Barnabas Hospital in theBronx, the site that performed the previous surgery, requested that he make a deposit toward the next surgery, because he had missed several follow-up visits. (The hospital noted that it would not turn away uninsured patients in the emergency room.)[45] DJ Kool Herc and his family set up an official website on which he described his medical issue and set a larger goal of establishing the DJ Kool Herc Fund to pioneer long-term health care solutions.[46] In April 2013, Campbell recovered from surgery and moved into post-medical care.[46] In May 2019, Kool Herc released his first vinyl record withMr. Green.[47]
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