DECnet is a suite ofnetwork protocols created byDigital Equipment Corporation. Originally released in 1975 in order to connect twoPDP-11minicomputers, it evolved into one of the firstpeer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with threelayers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layerOSI-compliant networking protocol.
DECnet[1] was built right into the DEC flagship operating systemOpenVMS since its inception. Later Digital ported it toUltrix, OSF/1 (laterTru64) as well asMacintosh andIBM PC compatibles running variants ofMS-DOS,OS/2, andWindows under the namePATHWORKS, allowing these systems to connect to DECnet networks ofVAX machines as terminal nodes.[2]
While the DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation, DECnet Phase II (and later) wereopen standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including ones forFreeBSD andLinux.[3] DECnet code in the Linux kernel was marked as orphaned on February 18, 2010[4][5] and removed August 22, 2022.[6]
DECnet refers to a specific set of hardware and software networking products which implement theDIGITAL Network Architecture (DNA). This architecture is set out in a number of documents which define the network architecture in general, state the specifications for each layer of the architecture, and describe theprotocols which operate within each layer. Althoughnetwork protocol analyzer tools tend to categorize all protocols from DIGITAL as "DECnet", strictly speaking, non-routed DIGITAL protocols such asLAT, SCS, AMDS, LAST/LAD are not DECnet protocols and are not part of the DIGITAL Network Architecture.
To trace the evolution of DECnet is to trace the development of DNA. The beginnings of DNA were in the early 1970s. DIGITAL published its first DNA specification at about the same time thatIBM announced itsSystems Network Architecture (SNA). Since that time, development of DNA has evolved through the following phases:
Phase I (1974)Support limited to twoPDP-11s running theRSX-11 operating system, or a small number ofPDP-8s running theRTS-8 operating system, with communication over point-to-point (DDCMP) links between nodes.
Phase II (1975)[7]Support for networks of up to 32 nodes with multiple, different implementations which could inter-operate with each other. Implementations expanded to includeRSTS,TOPS-10,TOPS-20 andVAX/VMS[8] with communications between processors still limited to point-to-point links only. Introduction of downline loading (MOP), and file transfer using File Access Listener (FAL), remote file access using Data Access Protocol (DAP), task-to-task programming interfaces and network management features.
Phase III (1980).[9] Support for networks of up to 255 nodes with 8-bit addresses, over point-to point and multi-drop links. Introduction of adaptive routing capability, record access, a network management architecture, and gateways to other types of networks including IBM's SNA andCCITT RecommendationX.25.
| Application | DAP: Data Access Protocol CTERM: Command Terminal |
|---|---|
| Network Management | NICE: Network Information (and) Control Exchange |
| Session | SCP: Session Control Protocol |
| Transport | NSP: Network Service Protocol |
| Network | DRP: DECnet Routing Protocol |
| Data link | DDCMP: Digital Data Communications Message Protocol Ethernet,Token Ring,HDLC,FDDI, ... |
| Physical | Ethernet,Token Ring,FDDI, ... |
Phase IV[10][11] andPhase IV+ (1982).Phase IV was released initially toRSX-11 andVMS systems, laterTOPS-20,TOPS-10,ULTRIX,VAXELN, andRSTS/E gained support. Support for networks of up to 64,449 nodes (63 areas of 1023 nodes) with 16-bit addresses, datalink capabilities expanded beyond DDCMP to includeEthernetlocal area network support as the datalink of choice, expanded adaptive routing capability to include hierarchical routing (areas, level 1 and level 2 routers),VMScluster support (cluster alias) and host services (CTERM). CTERM allowed a user on one computer to log into another computer remotely, performing the same function thatTelnet does in theTCP/IP protocol stack. Digital also released a product called the PATHWORKS client, and more commonly known as the PATHWORKS 32 client, that implemented much of DECnet Phase IV for DOS, and 16 and 32 bit Microsoft Windows platforms (all the way through to Windows Server 2003).
Phase IV implemented an 8 layer architecture similar to theOSI (7 layer) model especially at the lower levels. Since the OSI standards were not yet fully developed at the time, many of the Phase IV protocols remained proprietary.
The Ethernet implementation was unusual in that the software changed the physical address of the Ethernet interface on the network to AA-00-04-00-xx-yy where xx-yy reflected the DECnetnetwork address of the host. This allowed ARP-less LAN operation because the LAN address could be deduced from the DECnet address. This precluded connecting twoNICs from the same DECnet node onto the same LAN segment, however.
The initial implementations released were for VAX/VMS and RSX-11, later this expanded to virtually everyoperating system DIGITAL ever shipped with the notable exception ofRT-11. DECnet stacks are found on Linux, SunOS and other platforms, and Cisco and other network vendors offer products that can cooperate with and operate within DECnet networks. Full DECnet Phase IV specifications are available.
At the same time that DECnet Phase IV was released, the company also released a proprietary protocol calledLAT for serial terminal access viaTerminal servers. LAT shared the OSI physical and datalink layers with DECnet and LAT terminal servers used MOP for the server image download and related bootstrap processing.
Enhancements made to DECnet Phase IV eventually became known as DECnet Phase IV+, although systems running this protocol remained completely interoperable with DECnet Phase IV systems.
Phase V[12] andPhase V+ (1987).Support for very large (architecturally unlimited) networks, a new network management model, local or distributed name service, improved performance over Phase IV. Move from a proprietary network to anOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI) by integration of ISO standards to provide multi-vendor connectivity and compatibility with DNA Phase IV, the last two features resulted in a hybrid network architecture (DNA and OSI) with separate "towers" sharing an integrated transport layer. Transparent transport level links toTCP/IP were added via theIETFRFC 1006 (OSI over IP) and RFC 1859 (NSP over IP) standards(see diagram).
It was later renamedDECnet/OSI to emphasize its OSI interconnectability, and subsequentlyDECnet-Plus as TCP/IP protocols were incorporated.
DEC's internal corporate network was a DECnet network called Easynet, which had evolved from DEC's Engineering Net (E-NET). It included over 2,000 nodes as of 1984,[13] 15,000 nodes (in 39 countries) as of 1987,[14] and 54,000 nodes as of 1990.[15]
DECnet was used at various scientific research centers which linked their networks to form an international network called the DECnet Internet. This included theU.S. Space Physics Analysis Network (US-SPAN), theEuropean Space Physics Analysis Network (E-SPAN),Energy Sciences Network, and other research and education networks.[16][17] The network consisted of over 17,000 nodes as of 1989.[18] Routing between networks with different address spaces involved the use of either "poor man's routing" (PMR) or address translation gateways.[16] In December 1988, VAX/VMS hosts on the DECnet Internet were attacked by theFather Christmas worm.
CCNET (Computer Center Network) was a DECnet network that connected the campuses of various universities in the eastern regions of the United States during the 1980s. A key benefit was the sharing of systems software developed by the operations staff at the various sites, all of which were using a variety of DEC computers.[19] As of March 1983, it includedColumbia University,Carnegie Mellon University, andCase Western Reserve University. By May 1986,New York University,Stevens Institute of Technology,Vassar College andOberlin College had been added. Several other universities joined later.[20]
Hobbyist DECnet networks have been in use during the 21st century. These include:
DECnet/SNA gateway solution
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