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| Type | Handmade paper |
|---|---|
| Material | Rhamnoneuronbark |
| Place of origin | Northern Vietnam |
| Introduced | 3rd/13th century |
| Manufacturer | |
Dó paper (Vietnamese:giấy dó) orpoonah paper[1][2][3] is ahandmadepaper indigenous toNorthern Vietnam cultures, made from theinner bark of thedó or poonah tree (Rhamnoneuron balansae). It is a preferredsupport in some traditions ofVietnamese art.[4]
Sources stake the first creation ofdó paper as either the 3rd century or 13th century, after itsintroduction from China. The origin of the paper was the village of Dương Ổ inPhong Khê [vi] ward,Bắc Ninh.[5]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Dương Ổ and Yen Thai guild (modernBưởi [vi],Hanoi) were centers of the burgeoningdó paper industry. Following the late 20th centuryĐổi Mới reforms,dó paper production dropped significantly with the introduction of mass-producedpulpwood paper. Many traditional producers pivoted topaper recycling.[6]: 376 [5][7][8]
To createdó paper, firstRhamnoneuron bark is soaked inlimewater for 24 hours up to three months. It is then boiled for ten hours, after which the outer bark is split from the innerbast fiber, and soaked again to extract remainingresin. Following the second soak, the bark is ground into apulp with the sap ofchi bân bấn (Clerodendrum). The pulp is sieved with a bamboo screen (liềm xeo), then pressed, dried, rolled, and dried again. Artisans claim that production takes from 30 to upwards of 100 discrete steps to complete, and that the paper can last upwards of 800 years; exact production details are oftentrade secrets.[9][10][5][7]
Dó paper features in variousVietnamese art traditions.Vietnamese calligraphy makes use of the paper, as doesfolk painting such as theĐông Hồ,Hàng Trống andKim Hoàng painting traditions.[4]
Multipleethnic minorities in Vietnam produce and usedó paper as a part of ethnic traditions: theMường people ofCao Sơn ward,Tủa Chùa district, andĐiện Biên province;[8][1] and theNùng An of Dia Tren village,Quảng Uyên.[11][12]Dó paper is used forvotive offerings and decorations forTết Nguyên Đán (transl. the Lunar New Year festival).
In Mường tradition,dó paper is used to createxử ca,paper craft ornaments of cutdó paper and chicken feathers to adorn altars.[1]
Produced forĐông Hồ painting in the eponymousĐông Hồ village,giấy điệp (lit. 'scallop paper') isdó paper treated with powderednacre for a sparkling, iridescent effect. The effect is achieved with brushes made of pine needles.[13][14]
Sách văn is a luxury variety ofdó paper originally used by themonarchs of Vietnam for royaledicts, orsắc phong [vi]. Production ofsách văn began in Trung Nha village,Nghĩa Đô,Hanoi in the 15th century by order of theLe dynasty ofĐại Việt. The paper is dyed withhoa hoe(Sophora japonica) extract to be golden-orange. The paper is pounded (nghe) to be exceptionally smooth and supple. Exact details of the production process are still guarded as atrade secret by modern ancestors of the village.[3][15][16]
In the 1980s, interest indó paper grew as a contemporarypainting support forgouache,watercolor painting andnatural dye paints.[2]
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