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Cyrillization of German is the conversion of text written in theGerman Latin alphabet into theCyrillic alphabet, according to rules based on pronunciation. BecauseGerman orthography is largely phonemic, transcription into Cyrillic follows relatively simple rules.
The most common cyrillization method is the one based on theRussian Cyrillic alphabet. It is officially employed in Russian-language media.
The standard rules fororthographic transcription intoRussian were developed by Rudzhero S. Giliarevski (ru) and Boris A. Starostin (ru) in 1969 for various languages;[1] they have been revised by later scholars including D. I. Ermolovich (ru) and I. S. Alexeyeva (ru). The established spellings of a few names which were already common before this time sometimes deviates from these rules; for example, theLudwig is traditionallyЛюдвиг (including in placenames), withю instead ofу. It was also historically common to render personal names into their Russian forms or cognates, rather than strictly transliterating them, as withPeter being rendered asПётр. German phonemes which do not exist in Russian are rendered by their closest approximations: the umlautsö andü are rendered asё (yo) andю (yu), andä ande are mostly rendered asе (notэ).H (when not part of a cluster) is now rendered withх or omitted (when silent); it was historically often rendered withг (g), as in the name ofHeinrich Heine (Russian:Генрих Гейне). The Cyrillic lettersы andщ are not used.
| German original | Russian transcription | Bulgarian transcription[2] |
|---|---|---|
| a | а (but at the end of a word, followingi,я is used: Bavaria → Бавария) | |
| aa | а (Aachen → Ахен) | |
| ae | transcribed likeä when it stands for that letter; otherwise, transcribed likea +e | depending on pronunciation |
| ai | ай (Mainz → Майнц) | |
| ay | ай | |
| ä | е after consonants,э after vowels and at the beginning of a word | е |
| äu | ой (historically alsoей: Bäumler → Беймлер) | ой |
| b | б | |
| c | asк (Calw → Кальв) orц (Celle → Целле) depending on pronunciation | asк orц depending on pronunciation |
| ch | х (or, in loanwords,ш,ч,к etc. based on pronunciation) (Chiemsee → Кимзе, historically also Химзе) | к at the start of the word (Chiemsee → Кимзе);х after vowels (Achim → Ахим) |
| chh | хг (traditionally), orхх (modern variant)[3][4] (Hochhuth → Хоххут;Eichhorn → Айххорн) | хх ifch andh belong to different morphemes (Hochheim → Хоххайм) |
| chs | кс, when pronounced asx, otherwise transcribed likech +s | |
| ck | к, or between vowels (and always, according to the rules for transcribing geographic names)[5]кк (Boris Becker → Борис Беккер) | к |
| d | д | |
| e | е after consonants,э after vowels and at the beginning of a word (Erfurt → Эрфурт) | е |
| ee | likee (Spree → Шпре) | |
| ei | ай (Eider → Айдер) (historically alsoэй, ей: Einstein → Эйнштейн) | ай |
| eu | ой (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер) (historically alsoэй, ей: Neumann → Нейман) | ой |
| ey | ай (Eider → Айдер) (historically alsoэй, ей: Meyer → Мейер) | ай |
| f | ф | |
| g | г (in loanwords, beforee, i, y, sometimesж orдж based on pronunciation) | г |
| gk | гк (Woldegk → Вольдегк), sometimesг (Burgkmair → Бургмайр) | ? |
| h | х, when pronounced:Herne → Херне;Dietharz → Дитхарц; omitted when silent:Ehenbichl → Ээнбихль, Lahr → Лар (historically also transcribed withг) | х at the start of a word or morpheme; otherwise not transcribed |
| i | и at the beginning of a word or after consonants,й after vowels | |
| ie | и whene indicates a longi,ие when divided between two syllables (Marienberg → Мариенберг) | |
| j | й at the end of a syllable; at the beginning of a word or between vowels,ja →я,jä →е,je →е,jo →йо,jö →йё,ju →ю,jü →йю; after consonants:ja →ья,jä →ье,je →ье,jo →ьо,jö →ьё,ju →ью,jü →ью; when between parts of a compound word, thenъ instead ofь | depending on the following vowel:ja →я;je,jä →йе (only at the start of the word or after a vowel, otherwise:е);ju,jü,jui →ю |
| k | к | |
| l | л before vowels,ль before consonants or at the end of a word (exceptions includeKarl → Карл); afterl,u becomesю instead ofу in some traditional cases (Ludwigsburg → Людвигсбург) | л |
| ll | лл except between consonants and vowels; at the end of a word-ь is appended (exceptions includeRheinmetall → Рейнметалл) | л |
| m | м | |
| n | н (but-mann →-ман) | |
| o | о | |
| oe | transcribed likeö when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a longo then transcribed asо:Coesfeld → Косфельд; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed likeo +e | transcribed likeö when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a longo then transcribed asо:Coesfeld → Косфелд; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed likeo +e:Buchloe → Бухлое |
| oo | о (Koopmann → Копман) | |
| ö | э at the beginning of a word, otherwiseё (Österreich (as a last name) → Эстеррайх) | ьо after a consonant, otherwiseйо |
| p | п | |
| ph | ф, unless divided by a syllable boundary:Diepholz → Дипхольц | ф, unless divided by a syllable boundary:Diepholz → Дипхолц |
| qu | кв (Querfurt → Кверфурт) | |
| r | р | |
| s | з for /z/,с for /s/:Sassnitz → Засниц, Kiste → Кисте | likewise:з at the start of the word or if between vowels (or between a vowel and asonorant), in all other cases:с |
| sch | ш | |
| sp | шп at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwiseсп | |
| ss | сс orс (whenss stands forß, thenс), unless divided between two syllables:Ludwigsstadt → Людвигсштадт | s unless at morpheme boundary |
| st | шт at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwiseст:Rostock → Росток | щ at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwiseст |
| ß | с | |
| t | т, but the suffix-tion →-цион | |
| tsch | ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which caseтш:Altschul → Альтшуль) | ч |
| tz | тц between vowels, otherwiseц (Ratzeburg → Ратцебург) | ц: Рацебург |
| u | у | |
| ue | transcribed likeü when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a longu then transcribed asу:Buer → Бур; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed likeu +e:Adenauer → Аденауэр | transcribed likeü when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a longu then transcribed asу:Buer → Бур; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed likeu +e: Adenauer → Аденауер |
| ü | и at the beginning of a word, otherwiseю (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер,Uelzen → Ильцен) | ю |
| v | ф when pronounced likef;в when pronounced likew | |
| w | в (Wagner → Вагнер) | |
| x | кс | |
| y | и at the beginning of a word and after consonants (even when pronounced asü) (Bad Pyrmont → Бад-Пирмонт),й after vowels; as a consonant,ya →я (Yanina Wickmayer → Янина Викмайер) | |
| z | ц | |
| zsch | ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which caseцш: so, Delitzsch → Делич, butNietzsche → Ницше) | |
| Original | German Cyrillic | Transliteration | Scientific transliteration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen. | Алле Меншен зинд фрай унд глайх ан Вюрде унд Рехтен геборен. Зи зинд мит Фернунфт унд Гевисен бегабт унд золлен айнандер им Гайст дер Брюдерлихкайт бегегнен. | Alle Menshen zind fray und glaykh an Vyurde und Rekhten geboren. Zi zind mit Fernunft und Gevisen begabt und zollen aynander im Gayst der Bryuderlikhkayt begegnen. | Alle Menšen zind fraj und glajch an Vjurde und Rechten geboren. Zi zind mit Fernunft und Gevisen begabt und zollen ajnander im Gajst der Brjuderlichkajt begegnen. |
Italics indicate that the language no longer uses Cyrillic | |||||||||||||||||
| Cyrillic alphabets |
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| Cyrillization of | |||||||||||||||||
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