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Cyonasua

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Extinct genus of carnivores

Cyonasua Temporal range:Late Miocene-Middle Pleistocene (Huayquerian-Ensenadan) 7.3–0.99 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Procyonidae
Genus:	†Cyonasua Ameghino, 1885
Species
†C. argentina †C. brevirostris †C. clausa †C. groeberi †C. longirostris †C. lutaria †C. meranii †C. pascuali †C. robusta †C. zettii

Cyonasua (meaning "dog-coati" inGreek) is an extinctgenus ofprocyonid from theLate Miocene toMiddle Pleistocene of South America. Fossils ofCyonasua have been found inArgentina (Ituzaingó,Epecuén,Huayquerías, Monte Hermoso, Chapadmalal, Maimará, Ensenada, La Playa, Chiquimil, Andalhuala, andCerro Azul Formations),Bolivia (Tariquía Formation),^[1] Uruguay (Camacho Formation),^[2] andVenezuela (San Gregorio Formation).^[3] The oldest well-dated fossils ofCyonasua are approximately 7.3 million years old.^[4] Most fossils ofCyonasua are lateMiocene to early latePliocene (Huayquerian toChapadmalalan SALMAs, 7.3-3 million years old) in age, but a single earlyPleistocene specimen (theholotype and only known specimen ofCyonasua meranii) indicates that members of this genus survived until at least 0.99 million years ago (the fossil layer where this specimen was collected dating to theJaramillo Chron).^[5]^[6]

Cyonasua is the oldest terrestrialcarnivoran known from South America, and represents the earliest undisputed southward mammalian migrants of theGreat American Interchange.Cyonasua appears in the fossil record much earlier than otherNorth American immigrant groups, most of which did not appear until 3 million years ago, including othercarnivorans, many of which did not appear in South America until the earlyPleistocene (about 1.2 million years ago).^[4]^[7] The next oldest remains of carnivorans in South America are rare specimens ofLycalopex andGalictis from theBarrancalobian (~2.9 million years old), nearly 4.4 million years after the first appearance ofCyonasua in South America. The ancestors ofCyonasua are thought to have arrived fromCentral America byisland hopping before the formation of theIsthmus of Panama.

Cyonasua arrived in South America when ecosystems there were still dominated bymetatherian carnivores, namelysparassodonts and carnivorousopossums. Unlike most sparassodonts, which werehypercarnivores,Cyonasua was an omnivore and it is thought that it did not directlycompete with sparassodonts for food. This is thought to be one possible reason whyCyonasua and its close relatives were able to colonize South America many millions of years before other carnivorans. Because sparassodonts and other native predators liketerror birds andteratorns werehypercarnivores, and other predators such asopossums were much smaller than mostprocyonids, the large, omnivorousCyonasua could occupy an otherwise unoccupiedniche in South American ecosystems.^[8]

Cyonasua was much larger than any extant procyonid, weighing about 15–25 kg, about the same size as a medium-sized dog.^[9] However, it was much smaller than its later relativeChapalmalania, which was the size of a small bear.^[7]Chapalmalania is thought to have been closely related toCyonasua, with the two genera frequently referred to as "Cyonasua-group procyonids".Chapalmalania is thought to have evolved from a species ofCyonasua inSouth America, withCyonasua as traditionally defined potentially beingparaphyletic.^[3]^[10]

Limb bones ofCyonasua suggest that this genus was a generalized terrestrial mammal with some capability to dig and climb, similar toraccoons (Procyon) andcoatis (Nasua).^[11]^[12] Fossils ofCyonasua have been found insidecrotovines (fossil burrows), but these are thought to have been made by the largearmadilloRingueletia and later occupied byCyonasua.^[13] The teeth ofCyonasua suggest it was omnivorous, more carnivorous than most living procyonids, but less carnivorous than the modern ringtails (Bassariscus spp.)^[8]^[14]

References

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^Soibelzon, Leopoldo H.; De los Reyes, Martín; Tarquini, Juliana; Tineo, David E.; Poiré, Daniel G.; González, Gloria; Vergani, Gustavo D. (December 2019). "First record of a fossil procyonid (Cyonasua cf.C. pascuali), Mammalia, Procyonidae) in Bolivia, Tariquía Fm., Late Miocene".Journal of South American Earth Sciences.99 102492.doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102492.S2CID 213340538.
^Soibelzon, Leopoldo H.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Tarquini, Juliana; Ugalde, Raúl (June 2019). "First record of fossil procyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Uruguay".Journal of South American Earth Sciences.92:368–373.Bibcode:2019JSAES..92..368S.doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.03.024.S2CID 135212698.
^^a ^bForasiepi, Analia M.; Soibelzon, Leopoldo H.; Gomez, Catalina Suarez; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Quiroz, Luis I.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (17 September 2014)."Carnivorans at the Great American Biotic Interchange: new discoveries from the northern neotropics"(PDF).Naturwissenschaften.101 (11):965–974.Bibcode:2014NW....101..965F.doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1237-4.hdl:11336/32009.PMID 25228347.S2CID 253635703.
^^a ^bWoodburne, M. O. (2010-07-14)."The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.17 (4):245–264.doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8.PMC 2987556.PMID 21125025.
^Berta, A.; Marshall, L. G. (1978). "South American Carnivora". In Westphal, F. (ed.).Fossilium catalogus, I: Animalia. Vol. 125. The Hague: Dr. W Junk Publishers. pp. 1–48.
^Soibelzon, E.; Gasparini, G. M.; Zurita, A. E.; Soibelzon, L. H. (2008)."Análisis faunístico de vertebrados de las toscas del Río de La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina): un yacimiento paleontológico en desaparición".Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales.10 (2):291–308.doi:10.22179/REVMACN.10.284.
^^a ^bForasiepi, Analía M.; Prevosti, Francisco J. (2018).Evolution of South American mammalian predators during the Cenozoic: paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental contingencies. Cham: Springer. pp. 124–125.ISBN 978-3-319-03701-1.
^^a ^bEngelman, Russell K.; Croft, Darin A. (12 September 2019)."Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America byCyonasua-group procyonids".Paleobiology.45 (4):598–611.Bibcode:2019Pbio...45..598E.doi:10.1017/pab.2019.29.
^Tarquini, Juliana; Toledo, Néstor; Soibelzon, Leopoldo H.; Morgan, Cecilia C. (March 2017)."Body mass estimation for †Cyonasua (Procyonidae, Carnivora) and related taxa based on postcranial skeleton".Historical Biology.30 (4):496–506.doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1295042.hdl:11336/49670.S2CID 90408657.
^Kraglievich, J.L.; de Olazabal, A.G. "Los prociónidos extinguidos del géneroChapalmalania Amegh".Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologícas.6:1–59.
^Tarquini, Juliana; Morgan, Cecilia C.; Toledo, Néstor; Soibelzon, Leopoldo H. (March 2019). "Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua (Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran".Journal of Morphology.280 (3):446–470.doi:10.1002/jmor.20956.PMID 30747454.S2CID 73435251.
^Tarquini, J.; Toledo, N.; Morgan, C. C.; Soibelzon, L. H. (16 January 2017)."The forelimb of †Cyonasua sp. (Procyonidae, Carnivora): ecomorphological interpretation in the context of carnivorans".Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.106 (4):325–335.doi:10.1017/S1755691016000207.hdl:11336/49712.
^Cenizo, Marcos; Soibelzon, Esteban; Magnussen Saffer, Mariano (28 September 2015). "Mammalian predator–prey relationships and reoccupation of burrows in the Pliocene of the Pampean Region (Argentina): new ichnological and taphonomic evidence".Historical Biology.28 (8):1026–1040.doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1089868.S2CID 83862150.
^Soibelzon, Leopoldo H. (17 June 2010). "First description of milk teeth of fossil South American procyonid from the lower Chapadmalalan (Late Miocene–Early Pliocene) of "Farola Monte Hermoso," Argentina: paleoecological considerations".Paläontologische Zeitschrift.85 (1):83–89.doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0073-x.hdl:11336/104244.S2CID 129068918.

Genera ofred pandas,raccoons,skunks,mustelids and their extinct allies

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora

Musteloidea

†Peignictis †Plesiogale
Ailuridae	†Actiocyon Ailurus †Alopecocyon †Amphictis †Bonisictis †Magerictis †Parailurus †Pristinailurus †Protursus †Rothictis †Simocyon
Mephitidae	†Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus †Palaeomephitis †Promephitis Spilogale
Procyonidae	†Amphinasua †Angustictis †Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus †Bassaricynoides †Chapalmalania †Cyonasua †Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella †Parahyaenodon †Paranasua †Parapotos †Probassariscus Procyon †Protoprocyon Potos †Tetraprothomo

Mustelidae

†Acheronictis †Aragonictis †Arikarictis †Circamustela †Erokomellivora †Franconictis †Kenyalutra †Kinometaxia †Laphyctis †Luogale †Marcetia †Matanomictis †Melidellavus †Mellalictis †Mesomephitis †Miomustela †Namibictis †Oaxacagale †Palaeomeles †Paragale †Parataxidea †Perunium †Plesictis †Plesiogale †Plesiomeles †Prepoecilogale †Presictis †Promellivora †Proputorius †Pyctis †Sabadellictis †Semantor †Sinictis †Sivalictis †Skopelogale †Sonitictis †Taxodon †Trochotherium †Xenictis †Zorilla
Guloninae	†Canimartes Eira †Ferinestrix Gulo †Iberictis †Ischyrictis Martes Pekania †Plesiogulo †Plionictis †Sthenictis
Helictidinae	Melogale
Ictonychinae	†Baranogale †Brevimalictis †Cernictis †Eirictis †Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx †Lutravus Lyncodon †Martellictis †Negodiaetictis †Oriensictis †Pannonictis †Poecilictis Poecilogale †Sminthosinis †Stipanicicia †Trigonictis †Trochictis Vormela
Lutrinae	†Algarolutra Aonyx †Cyrnaonyx †Cyrnolutra †Djourabus Enhydra †Enhydriodon †Enhydritherium Hydrictis †Limnonyx Lontra Lutra †Lutraeximia †Lutrictis Lutrogale †Megalenhydris †Megencephalon †Melodon †Mionictis †Nesolutra †Paludolutra †Paralutra †Pelycictis Pteronura †Sardolutra †Satherium †Siamogale †Sivaonyx †Teruelictis †Torolutra †Tyrrhenolutra †Vishnuonyx
†Leptarctinae	Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion
Melinae	†Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles †Promeles
Mellivorinae	†Ekorus †Eomellivora †Hoplictis Mellivora †Moralesictis
†Mustelavinae	Mustelavus
Mustelinae	†Dinogale †Lartetictis †Legionarictis Mustela Neogale †Tisisthenes
†Oligobuninae	Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes
Taxidiinae	†Chamitataxus †Pliotaxidea Taxidea

Taxon identifiers
Cyonasua	Wikidata:Q16941543 EoL:4441778 GBIF:4833072 IRMNG:1093939 Open Tree of Life:3612917 Paleobiology Database:41255

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