Thecycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport. It is a type oftricycle designed to carry passengers on afor-hire basis. It is also known by a variety of other names such asbike taxi,velotaxi,pedicab,bikecab,cyclo,beca,becak,trisikad,sikad,tricycle taxi,trishaw, orhatchback bike.
While therickshaw is pulled by a person on foot, the cycle rickshaw ishuman-powered by pedaling. By contrast, theauto rickshaw is motorized.
The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s and were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later, they outnumbered pulled rickshaws there. By 1950, cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s, there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws worldwide.[1]
The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with anelectric motor to assist the driver.[2][3][4]
The vehicle is usually atricycle, though somequadracycle models exist, and somebicycles withtrailers are configured as cycle rickshaws.[5] Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.[5][6]
The configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers.[1][5] In manyAsian countries, likeBangladesh,India, andChina, the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while inIndonesia,Malaysia,Cambodia, andVietnam the cyclist driver sits behind the passenger. In thePhilippines, the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similar to this, passengers sit alongside the driver in bothtrishaw, inSingapore, and thesai kaa, inBurma.[1]
The cycle rickshaw is known by a variety of other names, including:
Not only are cycle rickshaws used in Asian countries, but they are also used in some cities in Europe and North America. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiplegears, more powerful brakes, and in some caseselectrical motors to provide additional power.[citation needed]
InMadagascar rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws orcyclo-pousse, are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known aspousse-pousse, meaningpush-push,[9] reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, likeToamasina.[10]
In Canada there are pedicabs in operation inVictoria, British Columbia,[11] andVancouver, British Columbia. They are regulated inToronto, Ontario, and Vancouver, British Columbia.[12][13]
InMexico, they are calledbicitaxi ortaxi ecologico (literally "ecological taxi").[citation needed]
In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadiums, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets in locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Manhattan, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Diego and San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Miami, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.[14]
Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the1962 World's Fair inSeattle.[15]
Cycle rickshaws (রিকশাriksha) are the most popular modes of transport inBangladesh and are available for hire throughout the country including the capital cityDhaka, known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World".[16] They are either pedal or motor-powered. They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.[17]
Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day.[18] Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostlyconvertible, decorated,[19] rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighbourhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called theriksha-wala (রিকশাওয়ালা).[citation needed]
Cycle rickshaws are known ascyclo (pronounced see-clo) inCambodia, derived from the Frenchcyclo.[citation needed]
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Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. TheChinese term for the conveyance issanlunche (三轮车). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. InShanghai, most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.[20]
Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.[20]
Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licences for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10km/h and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.[21]
The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by theNimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in the late 1990s.[22]
Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930[17] and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.[23]
Navdeep Asija started a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs,[24] Environmental friendly Ecocabs[nb 1] operate in the Punjab towns ofFazilka,[26]Amritsar.[27][nb 2]Central Delhi andKolkata.[24] Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.[26][28][nb 3]
In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the localnon governmental organisation (NGO) the Patiala Foundation.[30]
InWest Bengal theRotaract Club ofSerampore finances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.[31]
The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by theCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research, it was launched inDelhi in October 2008.[2][32] However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur, and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".[33]
The2010 Union budget of India had a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.[34]
Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are calledbecak (pronounced[ˈbetʃaʔ]). They began being used in Jakarta about 1936.[17]Becak were considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-becak campaign appear in the 1971 Canadian filmWet Earth and Warm People, a documentary byMichael Rubbo.[35] Despite the attempts at eradication, however, manybecak still operate nearslums throughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007.[36] In 2018, GovernorAnies Baswedan attempted to allowbecak again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.[37]
There are two types of "becak" in Indonesia: the first type is the driver sitting behind the passenger (similar to Dutch-stylecargo bikes), the other one which mainly found in Sumatra is the driver sitting beside the passenger. "Becak" is still being used in various part of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and town.
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InMalaysia, pedestrian-pulledrickshaws were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws (beca inMalay, fromHokkienbé-chhia 馬車 "horse cart"). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating inMalacca,Penang,Kelantan, andTerengganu.[citation needed]
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In Myanmar, cycle rickshaws or trishaws (Burmese:ဆိုက်ကား,romanized: saik kar, directly pronounced as in the English word 'side car') came first into wide use in 1938, when the1300 Revolution, which originated from theChauk oil-field strike, inspired the people inMandalay to have a consciousness of nationalism and to boycott British goods and services. The auto body technician Saya Nyo built the first trishaw in Mandalay by attaching a side-car to the side of an old bicycle.[38] So two passengers are on the right of the driver.
Only two forms of transportation were then available in the city; the cab and the electric train. The latter could run only on ten-kilometre (six-mile) tracks. Trishaws could reach every nook and cranny, so the spirit of nationalism plus the advantage of trishaws reaching everywhere made them so popular among Mandalayans that even the train company had to stop its business.[39][40]
In theTerai region ofNepal, cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the Terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travellers, and are also used for carrying goods. Since the Terai region is bordered withIndia, cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travellers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.
However, inHilly regions of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares.[41][42] Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets ofThamel,Kathmandu.
The cycle andpulled rickshaw were banned inPakistan in November 1991.[43]
In the Philippines, it is called apedicab,traysikad,trisikad—or simplysikad orpadyak, from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting asidecar to a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or fromjeepneys or otherpublic utility vehicles. They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. Duringrainy seasons, they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with thejeepney, themotorcycle-powered tricycle, and the engine-poweredkuliglig, the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.[citation needed]
The Korean term for cycle rickshaw isillyeokgeo (인력거), which can be pedal- or motor-powered, though most in South Korea are electric. While not commonly used as a primary mode of transportation, cycle rickshaws can still be found in certain areas likeBukchon Hanok Village inSeoul, where they operate mainly for tourism purposes.[44]
InThailand, any three-wheeler is calledsamlor (Thai:สามล้อ,lit. 'three wheels'), whether motorised or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts orsidecars, etc. The driver is also calledsamlor.[citation needed]
Cycle rickshaws are known asxích lô (pronounced sick-low, from the Frenchcyclo) in Vietnam. Cyclo was an invention of a French named P. Coupeaid, which was introduced inCambodia andSaigon in 1939. From 2008 to 03/2012, due to the traffic obstruction, cyclos were totally forbidden inHo Chi Minh City and other provinces, except cyclo tours organised by tourist agencies.[45] Another similar vehicle, a pedicab calledxe lôi of theMekong Delta, are now rarely found in some provinces such asSóc Trăng,Vĩnh Long, andChâu Đốc. They are on their way to disappear.[46]
Cyclo, a 1995 film about a cyclo driver, won theGolden Lion at the52nd Venice International Film Festival.[47]
Beyond their practical utility,cyclos held cultural significance in Saigon. They appeared in literature, art, and cinema, becoming emblematic of the city's identity. From romantic rendezvous to everyday commutes, cyclos featured prominently in the daily lives of Saigonese residents.
Despite the challenges, efforts are underway to preserve the legacy of cyclo in Saigon. Some organizations are restoring vintage models, while others are promoting eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cyclos. These initiatives aim to celebrate the cultural heritage of these iconic vehicles and ensure their continued presence in the city.
Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.[48]
Copenhagen andOdense have pedicab service.[48][49]
Cycle rickshaws are available for rent atKaivopuisto inHelsinki. The rental company brought the vehicles from the city ofLappeenranta in 2009.[50]
Most French cities have one or more pedicabs, locally known as PussPuss or VeloTaxi. Most common inParis,Nantes,Lyon,Montpellier andValence, these cities operate one or more units. France have pedicab vendors.[48]
Lake Constance,[48]Berlin,Frankfurt,Dresden, andHamburg offer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.[citation needed]
In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers.[51] They have been made inBerlin, Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.[citation needed]
Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in theCzech Republic and some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000US dollars; the German original is around 6,000 US dollars (the newest version, 9000+€). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).[citation needed]
Pedicab service is available inBudapest.[48]
Pedicabs operate inCork andDublin, Ireland.[48][nb 4]
Pedicab service is available inFlorence,Milan,[48]Rome,[citation needed] Bari.
Pedicab service is available inAmsterdam,The Hague and in theCaribbean, atWillemstad.[48][52]
Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report onReuters.[53]
Pedicab service is available inOslo,[48]Fredrikstad,Bergen,Porsgrunn, andTønsberg.[54]
DuringWorld War II, whenPoland was underNazi German occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of thestreetcars andbuses. Because of that,public transport was partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular inWarsaw and by the start of theWarsaw Uprising were a common sight on the city's streets.[citation needed]
Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland fromŁódź toWarsaw.
Alicante,Barcelona,Zaragoza,Málaga,San Sebastian, andSeville have pedicab service.[55]
Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, includingSoho,[17]Piccadilly,Leicester Square, andCovent Garden.Pedal Me is a pedicab company using electric cargo bikes to transport passengers and cargo across Central and Inner London. In 2024,Transport for London was given powers to regulate pedicabs, including fare control, vehicle standards and driver licensing.[56]
Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.[57] Pedicabs and their variants are also available inOxford.[48]
In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recentimmigrants from rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study inBangladesh showed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural labourers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers.[58] InJakarta, most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were formerlandless agricultural labourers from rural areas ofJava.[59]
In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average ofTk 143 (US$2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less.[58] A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average ofRp. 2722 (US$1.57).[59] These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favourably to jobs available to unskilled workers.[60]
In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. InDelhi, a 1980 study found only one per cent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen per cent inHyderabad and twenty-two per cent inFaridabad. A 1977 study inChiang Mai, Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.[60]
In 2012Ole Kassow, a resident ofCopenhagen, wanted to help the elderly get back on their bicycles, but he had to find a solution to their limited mobility. The answer was a cycle rickshaw, and he started offering free cycle rickshaw rides to residents of a nearbynursing home. He then got in touch with a civil society consultant at the City of Copenhagen, Dorthe Pedersen, who was intrigued by the idea, and together they bought five cycle rickshaws and launched an organisation calledCycling Without Age, which has now spread to all corners of Denmark, and since 2015 to another 50 countries around the world.[61]
Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited incongested areas of major cities. For example, they were banned inBangkok in the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government.[citation needed] In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighbourhoods.[citation needed] They are banned entirely inPakistan.[43] While they have been criticised for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.[citation needed]
In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300new Taiwan dollars (TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver licence is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorised, most pedicabs have been replaced bytaxicabs, but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District ofKaohsiung City.[citation needed]
Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008; the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power.[citation needed] The city ofToronto, Ontario, Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.[citation needed]
As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, asplasticine cutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.[62]
Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers includeKickboxer andSammo Hung's 1989martial arts filmPedicab Driver, which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organised crime.Cyclo, a 1995 film byVietnamese directorTran Anh Hung, is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver.Tollywood films with cycle rickshaw themes includeOrey Rickshaw ("Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, andRickshavodu ("Rickshaw Guy").[citation needed]
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