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Cybistra

Turkish:Karahöyük
Shown within Turkey
Alternative name	Ḫubišna
Location	Turkey
Region	Konya Province
Coordinates	37°39′45″N34°13′37″E / 37.662456°N 34.226824°E /37.662456; 34.226824

Cybistra orKybistra, earlier known asḪubišna,^[1] was a town ofancient Cappadocia orCilicia.

The main city of Kybistra/Ḫubišna was located at the site corresponding to present-dayKarahöyük [tr],^[2] about 10km northeast of the modern town ofEreğli inKonya Province,Turkey.^{[3][4][5][6][7]} It was the capital of aLuwian-speakingNeo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BCE.

The name of the city was recorded during the Old Assyrian Colony Period asḪabušna (Old Assyrian Akkadian:𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾).^[8]

The name of the city wasḪubišna (Hittite:𒌷𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾^[9] and𒌷𒄷𒁉𒌍𒈾^[9]) orḪabušna (𒌷𒄩𒁍𒍑𒈾^[10]) during the Hittite Empire.^[8][1]

The city appears in Neo-Assyrian records under the names:^[1]

• Ḫubišna (𒆳𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾^[11][12][13]),
• Ḫubušna (𒆳𒄷𒁍𒍑𒈾^{[13][14][15][16][17]}),
• andḪubušnu (𒆳𒄷𒁍𒍑𒉡^{[14][15][16][17]}).

During Classical Antiquity, the city became known as Cybistra (Ancient Greek:Κυβιστρα,romanized: Kubistra;Latin:Cybistra).^[8][1]

Prior to the Hittite period, Hubisna was a stregic hub guarding the northern end of the Cilician Gates going south to Tarsus.

According to theTelepinu Proclamation, Ḫubišna was one of the places which the 17th century BCE founder-king of the Hittite Old Kingdom,Labarna I had conquered and over which he had subsequently appointed his sons as rulers.^[2]

During the 16th century BCE, the late Hittite Old Kingdom kingAmmuna carried out several military campaigns to attempt to re-subjugate former states which had revolted against Hittite suzerainty, including Ḫubišna.^[2]

Ḫubišna was mentioned in the texts of theHittite Empire, as a country located in southern Anatolia, in the part of theLower Land corresponding to the later ClassicalTyanitis.^[1]

𒆳𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾 (Ḫubišna)
c. 12th century BCE ?–c. 7th century BCE ?
Ḫubišna (in purple) among theSyro-Hittite states.
Tabal among the Neo-Hittite states. Ḫubišna (Hupisna) was one of the constituent states of Tabal.
Capital	Ḫubišna
Common languages	Luwian
Religion	Luwian religion
King
• c. 836 BCE	Puḫame
• c. 737 BCE	Uirimmi
Historical era	Iron Age
• Late Bronze Age collapse	c. 12th century BCE ?
• Disestablished	c. 7th century BCE ?
Preceded by Hittite empire
Today part of	Turkey

After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Ḫubišna became one of theSyro-Hittite states of theregion of Tabal, in whose southern regions it was located.^[1][2]

Little is known about the kingdom of Ḫubišna. The king Puḫame of Ḫubišna did not initially submit to theNeo-Assyrian kingShalmaneser III (r. 859 – 824 BCE) after 24 other king of the Tabalian region submitted to him following his attack on thekingdom of Tabal proper during his campaign there in 837 or 836 BCE. Puḫame became a tributary of Shalmaneser III only after he passed through the kingdom and capital of Ḫubišna.^{[18][1][19][2][20]}

Byc. 738 BC, the Tabalian region, including Ḫubišna, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, either after the Neo-Assyrian kingTiglath-pileser III's (r. 745 – 727 BCE) conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.[21]^[22][6]

Therefore, the king Uirimmi of Ḫubišna was mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as one of five kings who offered tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 and 737 BCE.^[1][19][2]

In 679 BCE, the Assyrian kingEsarhaddon (r. 681 – 669 BCE) defeated theCimmerians and killed their kingTeušpa at Ḫubišna. Esarhaddon appears to have reached Ḫubišna by passing through theGöksu river valley and bypassing the Anti-Taurus Mountains and Tabal proper.^{[1][19][2][23][24][25]}

• ᵐPuḫame (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian:𒁹𒁍𒄩𒈨^[26][27][28]),r. c. 837 BCE
• ᵐUirimmi (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian:𒁹𒌑𒄿𒊑𒈪^[29][30]),r. c. 740 BCE

Strabo, after mentioningTyana, says "that not far from it are Castabala and Cybistra, forts which are still nearer to the mountain," by which he meansTaurus.^[31] Cybistra and Castabala were in that division of Cappadocia which was called Cilicia. Strabo makes it six days' journey fromMazaca to thePylae Ciliciae, through Tyana, which is about half way; then he makes it 300stadia, or about two days' journey, from Tyana to Cybistra, which leaves about aday's journey from Cybistra to the Pylae.William Martin Leake observed, "We learn also from the Table that Cybistra was on the road from Tyana to Mazaca, and sixty-fourRoman miles from the former."Ptolemy places Cybistra inCataonia.^[32]

WhenCicero was proconsul of Cilicia (51/50 BCE), he led his troops southwards towards the Taurus through that part of Cappadocia which borders on Cilicia, and he encamped "on the verge of Cappadocia, not far from Taurus, at a town Cybistra, in order to defend Cilicia, and at the same time hold Cappadocia.^[33] Cicero stayed five days at Cybistra, and on hearing that theParthians were a long way off that entrance into Cappadocia, and were hanging on the borders of Cilicia, he immediately marched into Cilicia through the Pylae of the Taurus, and came to Tarsus.^[34] This is quite consistent with Strabo.

Cybistra was from an early stage aChristianbishopric, as shown by the participation of its bishop Timotheus in theFirst Council of Nicaea in 325. Cyrus took part in theCouncil of Chalcedon in 351 and was a signatory of the letter that the bishops of theRoman province ofCappadocia Secunda, to which Cybistra belonged, sent in 458 toByzantine EmperorLeo I the Thracian after the murder ofProterius of Alexandria. The diocese no longer appears inNotitiae Episcopatuum from the end of the 15th century.^[35][36]

No longer a residential bishopric, Cybistra is today listed by theCatholic Church as atitular see.^[37]

• Nicasio Balisa y Melero, O.A.R. (14 January 1941 to 3 February 1965)
• Jacques-Antoine-Claude-Marie Boudinet (11 March 1856 to 16 June 1856)
• Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin, M.E.P. (8 August 1856 to 5 April 1886)
• Eduard Herrmann (Hermann) (30 August 1901 to 3 March 1916)
• Johannes Baptist Katschthaler (4 June 1891 to 17 December 1900)
• Paul Nègre (7 December 1916 to 7 February 1940)
• Alexander Paterson (14 May 1816 to 30 October 1831)
• Martin Poell, O.F.M. (20 June 1890 to 2 January 1891)

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Cybistra".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

37°39′45″N34°13′37″E / 37.662456°N 34.226824°E /37.662456; 34.226824

• Tabal
• Anatolia
• Syro-Hittite states
• Former populated places in Turkey
• Geography of Konya Province
• Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
• Populated places in ancient Cappadocia
• Populated places in ancient Cilicia
• Catholic titular sees in Asia

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