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Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is aprotein produced by thecyanobacteriumNostoc ellipsosporum that displaysvirucidal activity against severalviruses, includinghuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] A cyanobacterial protein called cyanovirin-N (CV-N) has strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neutralizing properties.[2] The virucidal activity of CV-N is mediated through specific high-affinity interactions with theviral surface envelopeglycoproteinsgp120 and gp41, as well as high-mannoseoligosaccharides found on the HIV envelope.[3] In addition, CV-N is active againstrhinoviruses,humanparainfluenza virus,respiratory syncytial virus, andenteric viruses. The virucidal activity of CV-N againstinfluenza virus is directed towards viralhaemagglutinin.[4]
The blue-green algaNostoc ellipsosporum naturally contains CV-N. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States of America carried out the initial isolation and characterization of this protein in 1999.[5] The use of CV-N as an antiviral drug, particularly against HIV, has since been the subject of investigation. Its ability to bind to the HIV-encapsulating glycoprotein gp120 has been demonstrated in several studies, which has led to the development of CV-N-based therapies and preventatives.[5]
CV-N is a lengthy, mostly beta-sheet protein that displays internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. The fundamental atomic root-mean-square of the two sequence repeats (1-50 and 51-101) differs by 1.3 A while sharing 32% of the same sequence. The total fold depends on a number of interactions between the two repetitions, therefore, they do not actually belong in separate domains.[6] CV-N has a complex fold of atandem repeat duplication of twohomologousmotifs, comprising three-strandedbeta-sheet and beta-hairpins.[7]
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