Customary land is land held under customary land tenure and the enjoyment of some use of land that arises through customary, unwritten practice rather than through written codified law.^[1] It is the tenure usually associated with indigenous communities and administered in accordance with their customs, as opposed to statutory tenure usually introduced during the colonial period.^[2][3]

Since the late 20th century, statutory recognition and protection of indigenous and community land rights continues to be a major challenge. The gap between formally recognized and customarily held and managed land is a significant source of underdevelopment, conflict, andenvironmental degradation.^[4]

In many countries, most land is held under customary tenure, including 90% in Africa.^[5]

In theMalawi Land Act of 1965, "Customary Land" is defined as "all land which is held, occupied or used under customary law, but does not include any public land".^[6]

In most countries of thePacific islands, customary land remains the dominantland tenure form. Distinct customary systems of tenure have evolved on different islands and areas within the Pacific region. In any country there may be many different types of customary tenure.^[7] The amount of customary land ownership out of the total land area of Pacific island nations is the following: 97% inPapua New Guinea, 98% inVanuatu, 88% inFiji, 87% in theSolomon Islands, and 81% inSamoa.^[7]

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• Indigenous land rights
• Indigenous peoples

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