| English: Cup of Solid Gold | |
|---|---|
| 鞏金甌 | |
 Sheet music inGongche notation | |
Former national anthem ofChina | |
| Lyrics | Yan Fu |
| Music | Putong |
| Adopted | 4 October 1911 |
| Relinquished | 12 February 1912 |
| Audio sample | |
Cup of Solid Gold | |
| Cup of Solid Gold | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 鞏金甌 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 巩金瓯 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Cup of Solid Gold was the first officialnational anthem of China, adopted by theQing dynasty (1644–1912) on 4 October 1911.[1] Its title references the "golden cup," a ritual instrument that symbolized the empire. Six days after the anthem's adoption, theWuchang Uprising broke out, which quickly led to thefall of the Qing dynasty.
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Dynasties in Chinese history used music for various ceremonies, but never had official anthems representing the country. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, Qing China was constantly in contact with foreign countries and started to require a national anthem "for diplomatic convenience".[2]
Qing diplomats were one of the first to suggest adopting an official anthem.Zeng Jize (1839–1890) – eldest son of statesmanZeng Guofan – was the Qing envoy to France, Britain, and Russia for several years starting in 1878. Around 1880, he composed a song calledPu Tian Yue to be played as China's anthem in various state ceremonies and suggested the Qing adopt it as its official anthem, but the court did not approve. That song's lyrics and melody have both been lost for a very long time. However, an instrumental version of the anthem has been found and a part of what is seemingly the lyrics.[3]
WhenLi Hongzhang (1823–1901) visited Western Europe and Russia in 1896 as a special envoy charged with learning about foreign institutions after the disastrous end of theSino–Japanese War in 1895, he was again asked to provide China's national anthem for performance at state receptions. He hastily adapted some court music to a slightly modifiedjueju poem byTang dynasty (618–907) poetWang Jian and presented that song as the Qing anthem.[3] That song later became known as theTune of Li Zhongtang, but was never officially recognized as a national anthem.[3]
Another unofficial anthem was written for the new Qing ground forces that were established in 1906. EntitledPraise the Dragon Flag, it was played on ceremonial occasions, but like the songs promoted by Zeng Jize and Li Hongzhang, was never officially adopted as the Qing national anthem.[3]
A Chinese version of the Japanese national anthemKimigayo (adopted by theMeiji regime in 1888) was played in the new-style schools that taught modern topics like science and engineering.[4] The Chinese lyrics – "To unify old territories, our ancient Asian country of four thousand years sighs in sorrow for the Jews, India, and Poland. Reading the history of those who have lost their countries, we shiver in our hearts!" – emphasized theSocial Darwinist themes of ethnic crisis and loss of national territory, but many considered these too far from the usual themes of ceremonial music to be acceptable.[4]
On 25 January 1911, an official from theMinistry of Rites called Cao Guangquan (曹廣權／曹广权)petitioned the Qing court to adopt a stately "national music" (guoyue 國樂／国乐) that could be performed at court ceremonies.[5] He proposed that officials collect both ancient music and examples of state music from abroad and, on that basis, design an anthem for the Qing. The Ceremonial Council (Dianliyuan 典禮院／典礼院), which had just replaced the Ministry of Rites, responded on 15 July of that year.[6] It put Putong (溥侗) (1877–1950) — a Manchu noble and direct descendant of theDaoguang Emperor who served in theImperial Guard — in charge of writing the melody, whereasYan Fu (1854–1921), a translator of European scientific and philosophical treatises and an advisor to the Qing Navy, was charged with writing the lyrics.[7] Guo Cengxin (郭曾炘), who had worked for the Ministry of Rites, made some minor modifications at the end.[8]
The Qing government adoptedGong Jin'ou as its national anthem on 4 October 1911.[9] The edict announcing the new anthem, and sometimes even the anthem's music and lyrics, were published in newspapers, and the court instructed the Navy and Army to practice the song, which was also transmitted to China's ambassadors throughout the world.[10] However, theWuchang Uprising took place on October 10 (six days after the anthem was promulgated) and quickly led to the fall of the dynasty. The foundation of theRepublic of China was announced for 1 January 1912, and thelast Qing emperor officially abdicated a little more than a month later.Gong Jin'ou was never performed publicly.[11]
Ou (甌) was a kind of wine vessel.Jin'ou (金甌／金瓯), or golden wine vessel, symbolized an "indestructible country".[12] TheQing emperor used such a vessel for ritual purposes. Inlaid with pearls and gems, it was known as the "Cup of Eternal Solid Gold" (Jin'ou Yonggu Bei 金甌永固杯).[12] Becausegong 鞏 means "to consolidate" or "to strengthen," the entire title may be translated as "strengthening our hold on the golden cup."[12]
Yan Fu, who wrote the lyrics, glossed the title and first line of the anthem as "Firm and stable be the 'golden cup' (which means the empire)."[13]
The person who was nominally put in charge of the anthem's music was Putong, an imperial relative.[14] Aided by assistants in the Imperial Guard, he composed the music based on the models found in theComplement to the Treatise on Pitch Pipes (Lülü Zhengyi Houbian 律呂正義後編／律吕正义后编; 1746), an imperial compilation that complemented a much shorter 1724 work on ceremonial music commissioned by theKangxi Emperor.[9]
The lyrics, composed by Yan Fu, are inClassical Chinese.
| Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | HanyuPinyin | IPA transcription | English translation[15] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
鞏金甌， | 巩金瓯， | Gǒng Jīn'ōu | [kʊ̀ŋ t͡ɕín.óʊ̯] | Solidify our golden empire, |
In the second line,tian chou 天幬／天帱 (literally, the "canopy of Heaven") referred to theMandate of Heaven, which a legitimate dynasty was supposed to represent.[16]Tongpao 同袍 (lit., "sharing the same robes"), an allusion to a verse in theBook of Poetry, meant "sharing the same goals and loyalties" or being part of the same army.[17] In modern transcriptions of the lyrics, that phrase is often miswritten astongbao 同胞 ("compatriot"), a term with racial connotations that the Manchu nobles who ruled Qing China purposely wanted to avoid.[18]
Answering a request transmitted byGeorge Ernest Morrison, on 16 March 1912 Yan Fu wrote to BritishForeign SecretaryEdward Grey to explain the Qing anthem, and ended his letter with a rough translation of the lyrics:[19]
Firm and Stable be the "golden cup" (which means the empire) domed by the Celestial concave. In it, men and things happily prosper.Glad are we who live in the time of Purity. May Heaven protect and secure us from enemies and help us to reach the truly golden age! Oh! The Blue firmament is infinitely high and the seas flow everlastingly.
The characterqīng 清 that Yan rendered as "Purity" was also the name of theQing dynasty.[20]
| Preceded by Various unofficial tunes | "Cup of Solid Gold" 1911–1912 | Succeeded by |
