They consist of aconcave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called agutter leads out from the middle.The decoration occurs as apetroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element ofmegalithic art on purposely workedmegaliths such as the slabcists of theFood Vessel culture, somestone circles andpassage graves such as theclava tombs and on thecapstones atNewgrange.
"...and on a projecting boss of rock close by is the only "cup and ring" mark I have seen in Palestine."
The site ofAtlit Yam, abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south ofHaifa, features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form a semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller,[8][9][10] with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating toat least 3000 BCE (exposed) and estimatedup to 4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under the layer which is exposed), isRujm el-Hiri, acairn (tumulus) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also areconcentric circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has a burial chamber in the center, with thousands ofdolmens nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel.[11][12]
The cup marks are still present in other proto-Canaanite sites as recently as theChalcolithic Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-dayModiin dated to the fourth millennium BCE[13] and the third millennium BCE,[14] and in theCity of David, Old Jerusalem.Tel Gezer has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths) yet;[15] however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014.[16]
Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in the alpine valleys, comprisingVal Camonica (Italy), associated withrock drawings. Regarding western alps (Piedmont), the best known are distributed along the Chisone,[17] Susa[18] and Viù valleys; also the La Bessa[19] site is to be cited.Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone,[20][21] in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with a central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels.
Sardinia mamoiada perda pinta
Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is thePerda Pintà (the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli,[22] at Mamoiada: an impressivestele ormenhir 2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks.[23]
Similar patterns are known inGalicia,[24] which has given them the name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part ofIberia and theBritish Isles, manifesting, together with other cultural expressions likemegaliths orBronze Age culture, a cultural link along the coasts ofAtlantic Europe.[25]
A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume, Dalgarven, North Ayrshire, Scotland.
Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. TheHunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks nearAlnwick inNorthumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into theEarly Neolithic era through theirstratigraphic relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found inIron Age contexts but these may represent re-used stones.
Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone.It has been suggested byarchaeologistClive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people.
Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested.Alexander Thom suggested in aBBCtelevision documentary,Cracking the Stone Age Code, in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone atTemple Wood, and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet."[26] He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of the cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed theMegalithic Inch (MI).[27]
This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch" but it was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups."[28] Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on a rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups."[28]
Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings, and also produced evidence in the ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind, was in use over a wide geographical area.[29]
Work atDrumirril inCounty Monaghan has uncoveredNeolithic and earlyBronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on theIveragh peninsula inCounty Kerry.[70]
Switzerland Carschenna concentric circles and cupmarks
An open air rock art site in the Swiss Alps is situated atCarschenna, Rethic Alps (inGrisons, Switzerland), where Latin derived languages mingle with German. The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965,[71] during the building of an iron electricity framework. Carschenna engravings[72] are mainly characterized by cup-marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles. Spirals, sun-like figures, riding scenes, and schematic horses are also present.
^Ferg, Alan (1979). "The Petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill".Kiva - the Tumamoc Hill Survey: An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson, Arizona.45 (1/2):95–118.JSTOR30247666.
^Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the comparative study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, Vol. 6, Number 3, Coombe Spring Press., December 1968
^MacKie, E. W.; Davis, A. (1989). "New light on neolithic rock carvings: the petroglyphs at Greenland (Auchentorlie), Dunbartonshire".Glasgow Archaeological Journal.15 (15):125–155.doi:10.3366/gas.1988.15.15.125.
^Smith, John (1895).Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. p.85.
^Bord, Janet and Colin. (1973)Mysterious Britain. Pub. Garnstone.ISBN0-85511-180-1. P. 44.
^Morris, Ronald W B (I967-68). '"The Cup-and-Ring Marks and Similar Sculptured of Scotland: a Survey of the Southern Counties, Part II."Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., Vol.100. P.47.
^Rivett-Carnac, JH (1903). "Cup-marks as an archaic form of inscription".Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Journal. New Series.doi:10.1017/S0035869X0003077X.
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Schwegler Uri,Die Felszeichnungen von Carschenna, Gemeinde Sils im Domleschg, Helvetia Archaeologica, Bd. 28, Heft 111/112, 1997,ISSN0018-0173, S. 76–126.
