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Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history.^[1] The Syrian's taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, theDabkeh in all their variations and thesword dance. Marriage ceremonies are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.^[2]

The scribes of the city ofUgarit (modern Ras Shamra) created a cuneiform alphabet in the 14th century BC. The alphabet was written in the familiar order we use today like the English language, however with different characters.^[3]

Archaeologists have discovered extensive writings and evidence of a culture rivaling those ofIraq, andEgypt in and around the ancient city ofEbla (modern Tell Mardikh).^[4] Later Syrian scholars and artists contributed toHellenistic andRoman thought and culture.Cicero was a pupil ofAntiochus of Ascalon^[5] atAthens; and the writings ofPosidonius of Apamea^[6] influencedLivy andPlutarch.

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Syrians have contributed toArabic literature for centuries, and Syrian writers played a crucial role in thenahda or Arab literary and cultural revival of the 19th century.^[7] Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others,Adonis,Muhammad Maghout,Haidar Haidar,Ghada al-Samman,Nizar Qabbani andZakariyya Tamer.

In 1948, thepartitioning of neighbouring Palestine and the establishment of Israel brought about a new turning point in Syrian writing.Adab al-Iltizam, the "literature of political commitment", deeply marked bysocial realism, mostly replaced the romantic trend of the previous decades.Hanna Mina, rejectingart for art's sake and confronting the social and political issues of his time, was arguably the most prominent Syrian novelist of this era. Following theSix-Day War in 1967,Adab al-Naksa, the "literature of defeat", grappled with the causes of the Arab defeat.

Thehistorical novel genre, which was made popular byFawwaz Haddad. is sometimes used as a means of critiquing the present through a depiction of the past. Syrianfolk narrative, as a subgenre of historical fiction, is imbued withmagical realism, and is also used as a means of veiled criticism of the present.Salim Barakat, a Syrian émigré living in Sweden, is one of the leading figures of the genre. Contemporary Syrian literature also encompassesscience fiction and futuristicutopiae, which may also serve as media of dissent.

Syria has always been one ofArabic poetry's centers of innovation and has a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. It has contributed to Arabic poetry mostly in the classical and traditional Arabic genres with influence from theFrenchRomantic influences brought to the country whileunder French rule.

One of the most prominent Syrian poets includeBadawi al-Jabal, whose poetic style was classical Arabic prose, based on theAbbasid-era tradition.^[8] His work is mostly influenced to some extents by his experience of exile, poverty and political activism,^[8] and he's considered to be "one of the greatest poets of the old school".^[8]

Another prominent Syrian poet wasDamascus-bornNizar Qabbani whose poetic style is famed for its simplicity yet elegance in exploring themes of love, eroticism, sexuality and religion. He is considered one of the most revered contemporary poets in theArab world.^[9][10] He is known to be one of the mostfeminist and progressive intellectuals of his time, being inspired by the social conditions of traditional Syrian and Arab society,^[11] most notably his sister's suicide to escape an arranged loveless marriage.^[11] for example, when asked whether he was a revolutionary, Qabbani answered: "Love in the Arab world is like a prisoner, and I want to set (it) free. I want to free the Arab soul, sense and body with my poetry. The relationships between men and women in our society are not healthy.".^[11] Following theSix-Day War Qabbani's poems took a more politically charged turn, which resulted in harsh criticism against the poet. One of his most famed poems isBalqis, a poem in which he laments the death of hisIraq-born wife who was killed in the1981 Iraqi embassy bombing inBeirut during theLebanese Civil War.^[11] Qabbani blames the entireArab world for her death, which generated a lot of controversy against the poet.

Syria's capital,Damascus, has long been one of the Arab world's centers for cultural and artistic innovation, especially in the field ofclassical Arab music. In 1947 The eastern music Institute was established, in 1961 - a music school^[12] which developed until it was possible to establish in year 1990 aHigh Institute of Music in Damascus.^[13] Syria has also produced several pan-Arab stars.Asmahan,Farid al-Atrash and singerLena Chamamyan. The city ofAleppo is known for itsmuwashshah, a form ofAndalous sung poetry popularized by Sabri Moudallal, as well as popular stars likeSabah Fakhri.

Syria's folk music is for the most part based on theoud, theney and lap-helddrums, with little if any vocal accompaniment.^[14] In Nomadic regions,Bedouin music which is based on theMizmar andRebab is popular.

Modern Syrian music notably contrasts folk music. It uses anorchestra of mostly European instruments with one lead vocalists and a backup chorus.^[14] This type of music is widespread, especially among young people, includingAssala Nassri,Farid al-Atrash,Fahd Ballan,Sabah Fakhri,Mayada El Hennawy,Rushwan al-Deek andGeorge Wassouf.^[15]

Syria was one of the earliest centers of Christianhymnody, in a repertory known asSyrian chant, which continues to be the liturgical music of some of the variousSyrian Christians. Also, there was a former distinctive tradition ofSyrian Jewish religious music, which still flourishes in the Syrian-Jewish community of New York.

One of the most popular dances in Syria is the Dabkeh, a folk dance combiningcircle dancing andline dancing formed from right to left and headed by a leader which alternates between facing the audience and other dancers. It is mostly performed at weddings and other joyous occasions. Other popular folklore dances include the "Arāḍa" (Arabic: عراضة), a dance performed with swords as well as oriental dance for women.

Traditional Houses of the Old Cities in Damascus, Aleppo and some other Syrian cities are preserved and traditionally the living quarters are arranged around one or more courtyards, typically with a fountain in the middle supplied by spring water, and decorated with citrus trees, grape vines, and flowers.^[2]

One of the most notable examples of the traditionalDamascene homes is the 18th centuryAzm Palace, residence ofAs'ad Pasha al-Azm, theOttoman governor of Damascus, which continued to house the descendants of the al-Azm family for decades. The structure consists of several buildings and three wings: theharem, theselamlek and thekhademlek. The harem is the family wing, which contains the private residence of the family and includes the baths, which are a replica of the public baths in the city on a smaller scale. Theselamlek is the guest wing, and it comprises the formal halls, reception areas and large courtyards with traditional cascading fountain, while in the northern part of the palace were the servant quarters and the center of housekeeping activities.^[16] Also a notable example of traditional Damascene houses isMaktab Anbar near theUmayyad Mosque and a short distance from theStreet Called Straight. It was built as a private residence by a localJewish notable Mr. Anbar in the mid 19th century before being confiscated by the Ottoman government after Anbar's bankruptcy.^[17]

Outside of larger city areas such as Damascus, Aleppo or Homs, residential areas are often clustered in smaller villages. The buildings themselves are often quite old (perhaps a few hundred years old), passed down to family members over several generations. Residential construction of rough concrete and blockwork is usually unpainted, and the palette of a Syrian village is therefore simple tones of grays and browns.^[18]

Television in Syria was formed in 1960, when Syria and Egypt (which adopted television that same year) were part of theUnited Arab Republic. It broadcast in black and white until 1976.The Arab League officially asked the satellite operatorsArabsat andNilesat to stop broadcasting Syrian media in June 2012.^[19][20]

There was a private sector presence in theSyrian cinema industry until the end of the 1970s, but private investment has since preferred the more lucrative television serial business.Syrian soap operas, in a variety of styles (all melodramatic, however), have considerable market penetration throughout the eastern Arab world.^[21]

The authorities operate several intelligence agencies^[22] among themShu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya, employing a large number of operatives.^[23]

Syrian cuisine is rich and varied in its ingredients and is linked to the regions of Syria where a specific dish has originated. Syrian food mostly consists of Southern Mediterranean, Greek, and Southwest Asian dishes. Some Syrian dishes also evolved from Turkish and French cooking. Dishes likeshish kebab, stuffed zucchini/courgette,yabra' (stuffed grape leaves, the wordyapra' derives from theTurkish word 'yaprak' meaning leaf).

The main dishes that form Syrian cuisine arekibbeh,hummus,tabbouleh,fattoush,labneh,shawarma,mujaddara,shanklish,pastırma,sujuk andbaklava.Baklava is made offilo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked inhoney. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known asmeze, before the main course.Za'atar,minced beef, and cheesemanakish are popularhors d'œuvres. The Arabic flatbreadkhubz is always eaten together withmeze.

Syrians are also well known for theircheese. The very popular string cheesejibbneh mashallale is made of curd cheese and is pulled and twisted together. Syrians also make cookies/biscuits to usually accompany their cheese calledka'ak. These are made offarina and other ingredients, rolled out, shaped into rings and baked. Another form of a similar cookie is filled with crushed dates mixed with butter, to accompanyjibbneh mashallale.

Drinks in Syria vary depending on the time of day and the occasion.Arabic coffee, also known asTurkish coffee is the most well-known hot drink usually prepared in the morning at breakfast or in the evening. It is usually served for guests or after food.Arak, an alcoholic drink, is also a well-known beverage served mostly on special occasions. More examples of Syrian beverages includeAyran,Jallab,White coffee, and a locally manufactured beer called Al Shark.^[24]

The most popular sports in Syria arefootball,basketball,swimming, andtennis.Damascus was home to the fifth and seventhPan Arab Games, whileLatakia, Syria's main port, was home to the tenthMediterranean Games.

Although theAbbasiyyin Stadium in Damascus is home to theSyrian national football team, many other local teams are based in other cities and stadiums. Syria's national team enjoyed some success, having qualified for fourAsian Cup competitions. The team's first international was on 20 November 1949, losing toTurkey 7–0. The Syrian national football team's biggest win was with theMaldives, beating them 12-0 on 4 June 1997. The team was ranked 75th in the world byFIFA as of 2018.

Although Syria has never qualified for theWorld Cup finals, its national football team reached the fourth round in 2018 after tying withIran. They tied with theAustralian team on the 5th of October before losing to them 2-1 on the 10 October and disqualifying. A win would have seen them playHonduras in an intercontinental playoff, if they won that, they would have qualified for the2018 FIFA World Cup

The highest division of football in Syria is theSyrian Premier League which began to play in 1966. The league's champion isAl-Jaish SC, based in Damascus.

• Culture of Asia

• Zuhur, Sherifa (2000),Asmahan's Secrets: Woman, War, and Song, University of Texas Press,ISBN 978-0-292-79807-6

• Syria: Cultural-Historical Zones

• Culture of Syria
• Arab culture
• Culture of the Middle East
• Culture of West Asia

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