| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Interactive map of Historic Centre of Rome, theProperties of the Holy See in that City EnjoyingExtraterritorial rights andSan Paolo Fuori le Mura | |
| Location | Rome,Holy See and Italy |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
| Reference | 91ter |
| Inscription | 1980 (4thSession) |
| Extensions | 1990, 2015 |
| Area | 1,430.8 ha (3,536 acres) |
| Coordinates | 41°53′24.8″N12°29′32.3″E / 41.890222°N 12.492306°E /41.890222; 12.492306 |
  Culture of Rome Location of Culture of Rome in Rome  Culture of Rome Culture of Rome (Lazio) Show map of Lazio Culture of Rome Culture of Rome (Italy) Show map of Italy | |
Theculture ofRome in Italy refers to the arts, high culture, language, religion, politics, libraries, cuisine, architecture and fashion in Rome, Italy. Rome was supposedly founded in 753 BC and ever since has been the capital of theRoman Empire, one of themain centres of Christianity, the home of theRoman Catholic Church and the seat of theItalian Republic. Due to its historical and social importance, Rome has been nicknamed theCaput Mundi, or "capital of the world".[1][2]
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Ancient Rome
One of the symbols of Rome is theColosseum (70-80 AD), the largestamphitheatre ever built in theRoman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used forgladiatorialcombat. The list of the very important monuments of ancient Rome includes theRoman Forum, theDomus Aurea, thePantheon,Trajan's Column,Trajan's Market,Ostia Antica, theseveral catacombs area, theCircus Maximus, theBaths of Caracalla,Castel Sant'Angelo, theMausoleum of Augustus, theAra Pacis, theArch of Constantine, thePyramid of Cestius, theAppia Antica Archaeological Park with the remains of Roman aqueducts, villas and tombs, and theBocca della Verità (literallyMouth of Truth).
Medieval
Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Basilicas dating from thePaleochristian age includeSanta Maria Maggiore andSan Paolo Fuori le Mura (the second largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches ofSanta Maria in Trastevere,Santi Quattro Coronati andSanta Prassede. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being theTorre delle Milizie and theTorre dei Conti, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica ofSanta Maria in Ara Coeli.
Renaissance and Baroque
Rome was a major world center of theItalian Renaissance, second only toFlorence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. The most impressive masterpiece ofRenaissance architecture in Rome is thePiazza del Campidoglio byMichelangelo, along with the Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the city government. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as thePalazzo del Quirinale (now seat of thePresident of the Republic), thePalazzo Venezia, thePalazzo Farnese, thePalazzo Barberini, thePalazzo Chigi (now seat of thePrime Minister), thePalazzo Spada, thePalazzo della Cancelleria, and theVilla Farnesina.
Rome is also famous for her huge and majestic squares (often adorned withobelisks), many of which were built in the 17th century. The principal squares arePiazza Navona,Piazza di Spagna,Campo de' Fiori,Piazza Venezia,Piazza Farnese andPiazza della Minerva. One of the most emblematic examples of the baroque art is theFontana di Trevi byNicola Salvi. Other notablebaroque palaces of the 17th century are thePalazzo Madama, now seat of theItalian Senate and thePalazzo Montecitorio, now seat of theChamber of Deputies of Italy.
Rome was the home of some of the greatest exponents of theRoman Baroque movement, such asGian Lorenzo Bernini,Francesco Borromini,Pietro da Cortona.
Neoclassicism
In 1870, Rome became capital city of the newKingdom of Italy. During this time,neoclassicism, a building style influenced by the architecture ofAntiquity, became a predominant influence in Roman architecture. In this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbol of Romanneoclassicism is theMonument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of Fatherland", where thegrave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell inWorld War I, is located.
Rationalist architecture
TheFascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style which was characterized by its linkages with ancient Rome architecture. The most important fascist site in Rome is theE.U.R. district, built in 1935. It was originally conceived for the1942 world exhibition, and was called "E.42" ("Esposizione 42"). However, the world exhibition never took place because Italy entered theSecond World War in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is thePalazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled thecubic or SquareColosseum.After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centrebusiness district that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands andLa Defense in Paris). Also thePalazzo della Farnesina, the actual seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in fascist style.
The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, theenclave of theHoly See, which is a separatesovereign state. It hostsSaint Peter's Square with theSaint Peter's Basilica. The open space before the basilica was redesigned byGian Lorenzo Bernini, from 1656 to 1667, under the direction ofPope Alexander VII, as a forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich 1975 p 175). In Vatican City there are also theVatican Library,Vatican Museums with theSistine Chapel, theRaphael Rooms and other important works ofLeonardo da Vinci,Raphael,Giotto, andBotticelli. Vatican City is an independent country situated inside Rome.
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Rome's museum offerings are among the world's most extensive, reflecting its long and storiedhistory spanning 28 centuries. Rome was the political, military, and cultural heart of theRoman Empire for about a millennium, and this has resulted in an enormous cultural legacy, of riches built by the Romans themselves: monuments, temples, statues and artifacts discovered and preserved in Roman museums, but also immense riches from every corner of the Empire, particularlyGreece,Egypt, andAsia Minor. As the center of theCatholic Church, successive Popes over the centuries have always been great patrons of art, with the construction of theVatican Museums, one of the world's largest museum complexes, housing priceless works such as theSistine Chapel withMichelangelo's frescoes and theRaphael Rooms. Rome was an important center of theRenaissance and the birthplace of theBaroque andNeoclassical movements. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, powerful Roman families such as theBarberini,Borghese, andFarnese collected and commissioned masterpieces from internationally renowned painters and sculptors. Over the centuries, the city has been a destination for artists, scholars, intellectuals, archaeologists, writers and travelers who contributed to expanding the artistic heritage through the flow of works of art, copies, donations, discoveries and cultural exchanges.
Among the most important museums and galleries of Rome, include:
The center of Rome is surrounded by some large green areas and opulentancient villas, which are the remains of the crowns of villas which encircled the papal city. The villas are an expression of the style ofgardens of the Renaissance period which was later called "Giardino all'Italiana" (Italian garden). Characterized by a geometric subdivision of spaces through rows of trees andhedges, plant sculptures of various shapes obtained by pruning evergreen bushes (topiary), geometric water features, often combined with architectural elements such as fountains and statues. Most of them were largely destroyed by real estate speculation at the end of the 19th century. The most important among the surviving ones are:
Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture,fountains,mosaics,frescos, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre duringancient Rome, with forms of importantRoman art such asarchitecture, painting, sculpture andmosaic work.Metal-work, coin-die andgem engraving,ivory carvings, figurine glass,pottery, and book illustrations are 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.[4] Rome later became a major centre ofRenaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiosebasilicas,palaces,piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only toFlorence, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris andVenice. The city was affected greatly by thebaroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such asBernini,Caravaggio,Carracci,Borromini andCortona, to name a few.[5] In the late-18th century and early-19th century, the city was one of the centres of theGrand Tour,[6] when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn aboutancient Roman culture, art, philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such asPannini andBernardo Bellotto. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes[7] and museums.
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Birthplace of theLatin language. Since the times of Ancient Rome, the city was a great cultural center,Roman literature was heavily influenced byGreek authors from its beginning, but it was also very influential and left a deep mark onWestern literature.[8] In this period, in fact, poetic currents were born such as that of the "Poetae novi" or "neòteroi" (new poets) and lyric poetry and names such asHorace,Catullus,Cato andSallust stood out. Also famous and characteristic was the image ofVirgil, who, crossing several literary styles, composed works of great value still cared for, including theAeneid, a legendary epic poem in Latin.
In modern times, Rome has been for centuries a place of inspiration for many artists and writers, attracted by the ancient and historical beauties of the city. The first books printed in Italy were produced inSubiaco (a town near Rome) at the end of the 15th century, it was the first place in Italy to be equipped with a printing house for printing books, founded by the GermansKonrad Sweynheim andArnold Pannartz, inside theAbbey of Saint Scholastica.[9]
Rome, together with Naples, Florence and Milan, has always been one of the leading cities ofItalian andEuropean literature. During the end of the 17th century, theAcademy of Arcadia was founded in Rome. It was born on the occasion of the meeting, in the convent annexed to the church ofSan Pietro in Montorio, of 14 men of letters, belonging to the circle ofQueen Christina of Sweden. It was a meeting place for many writers, poets, artists, politicians, aristocrats, composers and musicians of the time.[10] The Academy is considered not only as a simple school of thought, but as a real literary movement, between theBaroque and theAge of Enlightenment, which developed and spread throughout Italy during the 18th century in response to the "Baroque taste", an artistic movement that was considered by many critics to be bizarre, eccentric and artificial.[11]
The 18th and 19th centuries were dominated by internationally renowned writers who lived in Rome, such asJohann Wolfgang von Goethe with hisItalian Journey and his tribute of love to the eternal city, byStendhal and his evocativePromenade dans Rome (Roman Walks). Located at the foot of theSpanish Steps inPiazza di Spagna, there is thehouse museum whereJohn Keats andPercy Bysshe Shelley lived. But alsoNikolai Gogol andHans Christian Andersen, in the city the Danish writer wrote his first novelL'Improvvisatore.[12]
During the 20th century Rome was the home of some of the greatest Italian writers: includingGabriele d'Annunzio,Luigi Pirandello,Carlo Emilio Gadda,Italo Calvino,Tommaso Landolfi,Carlo Levi,Luigi Malerba,Giorgio Manganelli,Alberto Moravia,Elsa Morante,Pier Paolo Pasolini. Some of the greatest novels of the era are set in Rome, including D'Annunzio'sIl Piacere set in Rome at the end of the 19th century,The Late Mattia Pascal by Luigi Pirandello,That Awful Mess on Via Merulana by Carlo Emilio Gadda set in the city during theFascist period,History by Elsa Morante set in Rome during and immediately after theSecond World War,Ragazzi di vita by Pier Paolo Pasolini set in the suburbs ofpost-war Rome.
TheNational Central Library of Rome (BNCR) is, together with theNational Central Library of Florence (BNCF), one of the two Italian national libraries that have the main task of collecting and preserving all Italian publications. It is located in VialeCastro Pretorio, nearRoma Termini station, in Rome. The BNCR is the largest libraries in Italy.[13] Its permanent hub is "La stanza di Elsa", where the suggestions ofElsa Morante's writing laboratory are recreated through the original furnishings that made up her studio. There are also furniture, portraits, archives and autographed papers ofGabriele d'Annunzio,Umberto Saba,Grazia Deledda,Carlo Levi,Pier Paolo Pasolini and many others.
The Italian word for library is the expression: "Biblioteca", which derives from the Latin "Bibliotheca" which in turn takes its name from the Greek expression "βιβλίον" (biblíon) «book».[14]
The city has numerous libraries of various types and sizes: theBiblioteca Angelica; theVatican Apostolic Library, in the Vatican; theBiblioteca Casanatense; the Library of the Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, theHertziana Library; the Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina of theSapienza University; theBiblioteca Vallicelliana. The nameBiblioteche di Roma refers to the network of 37 public libraries in Rome.
Numerous Roman libraries participate in theNational Library Service of Italy (SBN). Thanks to the"OPAC SBN". it is possible to carry out web searches in the current catalogues of over 100 library institutions in the city, aggregated in the various regional centres.[15]
As the capital of Italy, the city has twoNational Archives: theCentral Archives of the State, which preserves (with some exceptions) the documentation produced by the bodies and offices of the Italian State since its unification, and theState Archives of Rome, which until 1953 also performed the functions of the former.
The Vatican is also home to theVatican Apostolic Archives.
Rome hosts theCinecittà Studios,[16] the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of theItalian cinema, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40-ha) studio complex is 5.6 miles (9 km) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only toHollywood, with well over 5,000 professionals—from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features likeThe Passion of the Christ,Gangs of New York,Adult Swim,The Life Aquatic andDino De Laurentiis’Decameron, to such cinema classics asBen-Hur,Cleopatra, and the films ofFederico Fellini.
Founded in 1937 byBenito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by theWestern Allies during theSecond World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated withFederico Fellini. Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film.
The original language of Rome wasLatin, which evolved during theMiddle Ages into Italian. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which theTuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, theRomanesco. The ancientromanesco, used during theMiddle Ages, was a southern Italian dialect, very close to theNeapolitan. The influence of theFlorentine culture during therenaissance, and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines who were among the twoMedici Popes' (Leo X andClement VII) suite, caused a strong change of the dialect, which resembled more the Tuscan varieties (the immigration of Florentines was mainly due to theSack of Rome in 1527 and the subsequent demographic decrease). This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded other zones ofLazio (Civitavecchia,Latina), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence, Romanesco abandoned its traditional forms tomutate into the dialect spoken within the city, which is more similar to standard Italian, although remaining distinct from other Romanesco-influenced local dialects of Lazio.Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors asGiuseppe Gioacchino Belli,Trilussa, andCesare Pascarella. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such asAldo Fabrizi,Alberto Sordi,Nino Manfredi,Anna Magnani,Gigi Proietti,Enrico Montesano, andCarlo Verdone,Paola Cortellesi.[citation needed]
Rome is an important centre formusic, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts theAccademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the newParco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, theTeatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to theEurovision Song Contest in 1991 and theMTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.[citation needed]
Rome has also had a major impact in music history. TheRoman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the lateRenaissance and earlyBaroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to theVatican and thepapal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with theVenetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School isGiovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear,polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.[citation needed]
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantlyRoman Catholic.[18] Although Rome is home to theVatican City andSt. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is theBasilica of St. John Lateran, located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include: theBasilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, theBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, theBasilica di San Clemente,San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and theChurch of the Gesu. There are also the ancientCatacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as thePontifical Lateran University,Pontifical Biblical Institute,Pontifical Gregorian University, andPontifical Oriental Institute.
The territory ofVatican City is part of theMons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, whereSt. Peter's Basilica, theApostolic Palace, theSistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Romanrione ofBorgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of theTiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls ofLeo IV, and later expanded by the current fortification walls ofPaul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII. When theLateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its present form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory was influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.
The territory includesSaint Peter's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through theVia della Conciliazione, which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed byBenito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty, certainproperties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notablyCastel Gandolfo and themajor basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreignembassies.
In addition to Catholicism, various world religions are present in Rome, which makes it one of the most important cities in the world forworship andpilgrimage.
A largeJewish community has been present since the late Republican era, in particular in theRoman Ghetto, one of the most important neighborhoods of the city. Judaism has one of the largest synagogues in Europe, theTempio Maggiore of Rome. The Jewish tradition is very linked to the city of Rome, also linked to the fact that many typical dishes ofRoman cuisine are of Jewish tradition, such asCarciofi alla giudia.
Other major religions, there is theWaldensian Evangelical Church with the Waldensian temple in Piazza Cavour,Orthodoxy with the church of Santa Caterina Martire andMormonism with thetemple of Rome Italy.
Rome is home to twoBuddhist temples ofChinese culture. ThePutuoshanChinese Buddhist temple in theEsquilino neighborhood, in what is effectively considered theChinatown of Rome (due to the high concentration ofChinese), inPiazza Vittorio Emanuele II theChinese New Year is also celebrated every year.[19] The second temple is theHua Yi Si, opened more recently in 2013, is the largest Chinese Buddhist temple in Europe, located in the eastern suburbs of Rome. Most of the Chinese Buddhists in Rome are faithful of theChán school.[20]
In recent years, theIslamic community has grown significantly, in great part due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a consequence of this trend, thecomune promoted the building of the largestmosque in Europe, in theParioli district, which was designed by architectPaolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21, 1995.
Finally, theRoman gentiles of the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas have begun erecting temples[21] since the 2000s and every year they carry out public religious functions like the ceremony of theNatale di Roma.[22]
Rome has been a majorChristian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, the seat of the papacy, which is entirely within the city of Rome. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages, and even today he remains one of the most powerful and influential figures in the world according toForbes.[23] The city became a major pilgrimage site during theMiddle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and theHoly Roman Empire starting withCharlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 byPope Leo III. Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. to this day, thousand of believers flock to the city to Rome. One of the pilgrimage stopping point ispilate's stairs where, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to thepraetorium ofPontius Pilate inJerusalem, whichJesus Christ stood on during hisPassion on his way to trial.[24] The stairs were, reputedly, brought toRome bySt. Helena in the 4th Century. For centuries, the Scala Santa has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus.
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – (Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums, Galleria Borghese, including those dedicated to modern and contemporary art and great many others) –aqueducts,fountains, churches,palaces, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of theRoman Forum, and theCatacombs. Rome is the 3rd most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. TheColosseum (4 million tourists) and theVatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a 2009 study.[25]
Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres ofarchaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as theAmerican Academy in Rome,[26] and The Swedish Institute at Rome,[27] to name a few. Rome contains numerousancient sites, including theForum Romanum,Trajan's Market,Trajan's Forum,[28]Ostia Antica, theColosseum, and thePantheon, to name but a few. TheColosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as awonder of the world.[29][30]
Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 sees the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known asMAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi[31] features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica[32] and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2011. The Convention Centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.
Rome is one of the world'sfashion capitals.[33] Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, includingBulgari,Fendi,Laura Biagiotti,Brioni,Gattinoni,Renato Balestra, are headquartered in the city, or were founded there, and other major labels, includingGucci,Chanel,Prada,Dolce & Gabbana,Armani andVersace have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily onVia dei Condotti, one of the most expensive street in Europe.[34]
Rome's tradition and connection with high fashion dates back to 1871, with the proclamation of the city as the capital of the country and the establishment of theSavoy court, with the consequent arrival of new tailors and the birth of elegant ateliers.
The period of theDolce Vita and the Italian economic boom caused glamor to explode in the city: against the backdrop of theTrevi Fountain,Spanish Steps andVia Veneto, dresses with precious fabrics and details, worn by the divas of the silver screen, muses of Italian masterpieces and American blockbusters filmed in theCinecittà Studios.[35]
The first newspaper printed in Rome was theDiario Ordinario, established by the Chracas family in 1716, marking the beginning of regular news publications in the town. Before its establishment in 1716, other newspapers printed in the Papal States were already circulating in Rome.
Rome is one of the most important media centers at a national and international level. Many of the most popular national newspapers such asLa Repubblica,Il Messaggero,Il Tempo,Il Foglio,Il Fatto Quotidiano,Secolo d'Italia,il manifesto and the news magazineL'Espresso have their central editorial offices in the city. Is home to the main Italian news agencies such asANSA, one of the largest in the world,Adnkronos,AGI and askanews. Sports newspapers such asCorriere dello Sport and free newspapers likeLeggo. AlsoTreccani, Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Letters, and Arts, is based in Rome.
It is the headquarters ofRAI, Italy's national public broadcasting. It is the first television hub in Italy and one of the largest communications companies in Europe. Owned by theMinistry of Economy and Finance, RAI manages numerous terrestrial and subscription television and radio channels.
Rome also hosts twoMediaset production centers (theSafa Palatino Studios and the Titanus Elios Studios).La7, one of the largest Italian television companies, is also based in the city.
Most of the Italian national news programs are broadcast from the television studios in Rome:TG1,TG2,TG3,TG5,TG La7 andRai News 24.
Among the Italian radio stations with national distribution,Radio Capital,M2o,Radio Dimensione Suono,Radio Maria andRai Radio are based in Rome with 10 radio networks.
Many of the largest mass media multinationals operating in Italy, such asNetflix,Warner Bros.,NBCUniversal andA&E Networks have their Italian operational headquarters in Rome.
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre duringAncient Rome. AncientRoman Cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning, the differences between social classes were not very great, but disparities developed with the empire's growth.[citation needed] Later, during theRenaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine,[citation needed] since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could beBartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef, working forPius IV in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbookOpera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissancecuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of afork.[36] Today, the city is home to numerous formidable and traditionalItalian dishes. A Jewish influence can be seen, as Jews have lived in Rome since the 1st century BCE. Vegetables, especiallyglobe artichokes, are common.[37] Examples of these include "Saltimbocca alla Romana" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; "Carciofi alla romana" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "Spaghetti alla carbonara" – spaghetti withbacon,eggs andpecorino, and "Gnocchi di semolino alla romana" –semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.
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Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Rome,[citation needed] as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the1934 and1990 FIFA World Cup. The latter took place in theStadio Olimpico, which is also the home stadium for localSerie A clubsA.S. Roma andS.S. Lazio, whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such asFrancesco Totti andDaniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma).
Rome hosted the1960 Summer Olympics using ancient sites such as theVilla Borghese and theThermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the1990 FIFA World Cup), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), etc.
TheStadio Olimpico is also the home stadium for theItaly national rugby union team, which has been playing in theSix Nations Championship since 2000. Rome is home to local rugby teams, such asUnione Rugby Capitolina,Rugby Roma, andS.S. Lazio Rugby 1927. And it is home to many other sports teams, including basketball (Virtus Roma), volleyball (M. Roma Volley),handball andwater polo.
Every year the city of Rome is the home of many international sporting events:
Also Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period. Rome has often hosted the final part of theGiro d'Italia.
The city's first university,La Sapienza, was founded in 1303. Two further large public universities were founded in the late 20th century:Tor Vergata in 1982, andRoma Tre in 1992; today each has around 38,000 students. Also state-supported isIUSM, a vocational university with 2000 students located in theForo Italico district and dedicated exclusively to sports and movement sciences.[39]
A large number ofpontifical universities and institutes are located in Rome, including thePontifical Gregorian University, founded in 1551 and the oldestJesuit university in the world, and thePontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (the ‘Angelicum’) which represents the ongoingDominican scholastic tradition established bySt. Dominic andSt. Thomas Aquinas.
The city is also home to a number of private universities. TheLibera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA) is a Catholic institution founded in 1939.LUISS, founded in 1966, has faculties of Economics, Law andPolitical Science. TheUniversità Campus Bio-Medico is a small Catholic university which focusses on medicine,nursing andbiomedical engineering. TheLibera Università degli Studi San Pio V, founded in 1966, has faculties of Economics,Foreign Languages and Literature, andPolitical Sciences. There are also Roman centres of the MilaneseUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and of theIstituto Europeo di Design, a design school founded in Milan in 1966 which now has a presence in eight cities and two continents.
Foreign universities based in Rome includeThe American University of Rome[40] and theJohn Cabot University: private American liberal arts institutions founded in 1969 and 1972 respectively TheLink Campus is an international university initially constituted as the Italian branch of theUniversity of Malta. Also present areSt. John's University, a branch ofSt. John's University in New York City and theJohn Felice Rome Center, ofLoyola University Chicago.
Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Rome and its suburbs are provided by theServizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN). In Italy it employs 617,246 people, the healthcare facilities in Italy and Rome are divided into Local Health Authorities (ASL), Hospitals, University Hospitals integrated with the SSN, Hospitals integrated with Universities.[43]
Rome is home to some of the main public and private hospitals in the country, an organizational chart that includes:Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic, known for having repeatedly treated famous patients such asPope John Paul II andPope Francis,[44][45]Policlinico Umberto I,Bambino Gesù Hospital,Fatebenefratelli Hospital,Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases,San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital,Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia,Tor Vergata Polyclinic,Campus Bio-Medico, Casilino Polyclinic,Sant'Eugenio Hospital, Sant'Andrea Hospital, San Filippo Neri Hospital, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sandro Pertini Hospital, San Carlo di Nancy Hospital etc.
Italian healthcare is managed by the Italian regions, each region has its own healthcare system which reports to the national healthcare system (SSN). The regional system ofLazio provides various structures to which one can turn for various specialized socio-health services, through the "Case della Salute", a network of health structures spread across the territory.
