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Theculture of Los Angeles is rich with arts and ethnically diverse. The greater Los Angeles metro area has several notable art museums including theLos Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), theJ. Paul Getty Museum on theSanta Monica Mountains overlooking the Pacific, theMuseum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), and theHammer Museum. In the 1920s and 1930sWill Durant andAriel Durant,Arnold Schoenberg and other intellectuals were the representatives of culture, in addition to the movie writers and directors.[citation needed] As the city flourished financially in the middle of the 20th century, culture followed.Boosters such asDorothy Buffum Chandler and other philanthropists raised funds for the establishment of art museums, music centers and theaters. Today, the Southland cultural scene is as complex, sophisticated and varied as any in the world.[citation needed] Los Angeles is strongly influenced by Mexican American culture due to California formerly being part of Mexico and, previously, the Spanish Empire.[1]
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The history ofLos Angeles began in 1781 when 44 settlers fromNew Spain established a permanent settlement in what is nowDowntown Los Angeles, as instructed by Spanish Governor ofLas Californias,Felipe de Neve, and authorized by ViceroyAntonio María de Bucareli. This piece of history has been marked by a monument named "El Pueblo". After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1848, great changes came from the completion of theSanta Fe railroad line fromChicago to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly whiteProtestants from the LowerMidwest andSouth. Los Angeles began to grow as the built their first firehouse station in 1884 and the first home was built by Francisco Avila in 1818.[2][3][4][5][6][7][excessive citations]
Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits.Its motion picture industry made the city world-famous, andWorld War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector.
Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially fromMexico andAsia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time,droughts andwildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city'swater security.[8][9][10]
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Los Angeles has many different types of architectural styles scattered throughout the city and nearby satellite cities. Los Angeles has a rich and diverse history of architectural works, having been known throughout professional architectural circles as a testbed for architecture. Thecase study houses in particular revolutionized residential architecture. Architects such asRichard Neutra,Jack Charney,Pierre Koenig,John Lautner andFrank Lloyd Wright all have important works in the city. Some of the different types of architectural styles throughout the city and metropolitan area areMission Revival,Spanish colonial revival,craftsman,Norman French Provincial, French chateau,English Tudor,beaux arts,art deco, andstreamline moderne.[citation needed]
In downtown Los Angeles, there are several buildings constructed in theArt Deco style. In recognition of this heritage, the recently built Metropolitan Transit Authority building incorporates subtle Art Deco characteristics.[citation needed]
Modern architecture in the city ranges from the works of pioneering African-American architectPaul Williams, to the iconoclasticdeconstructivist forms ofFrank Gehry, a long-time resident of the city.Charles Eames and his wifeRay Eames designed famous chairs and other domestic goods.[citation needed]
Theplein air movement ofimpressionistic landscape painting found early adherents in the Los Angeles area. Instrumental in the development of the genre was theCalifornia Art Club (est. 1909) that provided numerous exhibitions and lectures. The art form continues to be recognized as a signature style of California art. Much of the energy in the city'sart scene in the 1945 to 1980 stretch came from private collectors, artists' collectives, print shops, art schools and especially from commercial galleries.[11]
In the 1960s,Corita Kent, then known as Sister Mary Corita ofImmaculate Heart College, created bright, boldserigraphs carrying the messages of love and peace.
SeeList of public art in Los Angeles
The oldest known public artwork in Los Angeles is the 1900 sculpture of a United States soldier by architects S. M. Goddard and Kilpatrick (no known sculptor), part of the , located inPershing Square.[12] The 1926Central Library designed byBertram Goodhue was an architectural masterpiece incorporating murals and sculptures throughout, notably four rotunda murals byDean Cornwell depicting California history.[13]
Los Angeles is known forits murals, and many outdoor public art murals have been painted throughout the 20th century by early Mexican muralistsDiego Rivera,David Alfaro Siqueiros andJosé Clemente Orozco.
During the 1960s and 1970s, theChicano art movement took a strong hold in Los Angeles. Much of the work produced followed the Mexican muralist tradition of sending potent social messages. Works produced in this era includedEast Los Streetscapers,Judy Baca and others. Chicano arts in Los Angeles also gave rise to the internationally renownedSelf Help Graphics & Art, known for itsCorita Kent-influenced serigraphs and its annualDía de los Muertos festival.
Public Art in the downtown area of Los Angeles during the 1970s was characterized by large abstract sculptures such as Herbert Bayer'sDouble Ascension (1973), and Alexander Calder'sFour Arches (1973)[14] installed with the commercial redevelopment ofBunker Hill. In 1989 the City passed an ordinance requiring developers to contribute one percent of the cost of construction of new buildings to apublic art fund. The resulting funds for public art and public art programs in the 1990s, coupled with substantial subway and light rail transit in the 1990s, created public art installations in new rail stations and public spaces throughout the city and beyond.
Chris Burden'sUrban Light (2008) in front of theLos Angeles County Museum of Art on Wilshire Boulevard attracts hundreds of visitors daily, has been featured in several films as an iconic image of Los Angeles, and has become a tourist destination and popular public space.[15]
SeeList of museums in Los Angeles
There are 841 museums and art galleries inLos Angeles County.[16] In fact, Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.[16] Some of the notable museums are theLos Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States[17]), theGetty Center (part of the largerJ. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution[18]), theBattleship Iowa, and theMuseum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are located onGallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[19]
In 1943, a community-run arts association in Pasadena merged with the better funded Pasadena Art Institute and moved into what is now the home of thePacific Asia Museum. Renamed thePasadena Art Museum, it organized some of the most adventurous and cutting edge shows of contemporary art in the region, notably, an early Pop art show in 1962, and aMarcel Duchamp retrospective in 1963. Although the city had a long tradition of visual arts supported by private collectors and galleries, Los Angeles did not have a comprehensive museum of art until 1965, whenLACMA opened its doors. At about the same time,La Cienega Boulevard became home to many art galleries, most notablyFerus, featuring works by artists who lived in the area,Dwan Gallery, and Riko Mizuno Gallery.[11] AlthoughAndy Warhol was based in New York, the famous "soup cans" were first exhibited at Ferus. A local exponent of pop art wasEd Ruscha, some of whose work was representational, others consisted of simple slogans or mottoes which were usually humorous, being so far out of the context where such statements would normally appear. An example of this isNice Hot VegetablesLarry Bell, for example, explored the interaction of a sculpture to its environment, demonstrating that the boundaries are usually not entirely clear.David Hockney, an English immigrant, produced figurative paintings set in idyllic Southern California locales, such as swimming pools in the bright sunlight, belonging to modernist houses. Although these paintings are representational, they seem to be composed of small color patches, somewhat like collages.Finish Fetish—a style that emphasized gleaming surfaces—andLight and Space—art about perception—were other Ferus-bred styles that allowed L.A. to distinguish itself from the rest of the art world. It was during this period that the contemporary arts scene in Los Angeles began to command the attention of collectors and museum directors internationally.
Some of the most respectedart museums in the world can be found in Los Angeles. They include theLos Angeles County Museum of Art,the Broad, theJ. Paul Getty Museum, theNorton Simon Museum, theHuntington Library art collection and botanical gardens, and theHammer Museum at theUniversity of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles is known for its expansive collections of contemporary art- theMuseum of Contemporary Art has three separate incarnations: the Geffen Contemporary, for larger installation pieces by more renowned artists, the MOCA Downtown, its standard collection, and the Pacific Palisades, a large, multi-purpose building inmodernist style that houses offices as well as stores and showrooms for contemporary graphic design, architecture, and interior design. Other smaller art museums in the city include theCraft Contemporary, theCalifornia African American Museum, and many sculpture gardens throughout the city, including those at theAmerican Jewish University and theFranklin D. Murphy Sculpture Garden. Private art collections that are open to the public are the ones byEli Broad and theFrederick R. Weisman Art Foundation. The growth of Los Angeles as an art capital was first comprehensively documented in a series of exhibitions partially funded and spearheaded by the Getty, but held at all major museums during the Fall of 2011. "The exhibitions, and the events that accompanied them as part of "Pacific Standard Time" demonstrated the pivotal role played by Southern California in national and international artistic movements since the middle of the 20th century.LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes (The culture square and arts museum) aMexican-American museum and cultural center opened in April 2011.[20] The museum contains interactive exhibits designed byexperience design expert Tali Krakowsky such as a reconstruction of a 1920s Main Street.[21] The museum shares the stories of the history, cultures, values, and traditions of Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and all Latinos in Los Angeles and Southern California. Art institutions from Santa Barbara to San Diego are joining together to create programs that highlighted the region's vibrant artistic scene."[1]Culver City's La Cienega Boulevard features one of the highest concentrations offine art galleries and studios in Southern California. The trendybohemian neighborhoods ofSilver Lake andLos Feliz are home to numerous smaller galleries, showcasing local or underground art.Gallery Row downtown is known for its smallDIY galleries, such asThe Smell, which doubles as apunk andnoise music venue.
Los Angeles County is home to three professionalart colleges,Art Center College of Design, founded on 1930 indowntown Los Angeles as the Art Center School,Otis College of Art and Design, which was founded in 1917 as Otis Art Institute, andCalifornia Institute of the Arts, founded in 1961 as successor of theChouinard Art Institute.[citation needed]
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Los Angeles is the home of theCobb Salad, invented in theBrown Derby restaurant inHollywood, theFrench-Dip sandwich, originated early in the 20th century by eitherCole's Pacific Electric Buffet orPhillippe's—both of which still exist downtown, the ice blended coffee drink byCoffee Bean & Tea Leaf andOriginal Tommy'sHamburger. In 2018, PETA declared Los Angeles to be the "most vegan-friendly city" in the world.[22]
The strength of the city's scene is in "ethnic" dining and it is considered to be one of the most dynamic scenes in the world in terms of range and depth. TheDineLA Restaurant Week offers twice a year a sample of the enormous variety of restaurants in Los Angeles.[23] In its predominantly African American neighborhoods aresoul food restaurants such asRoscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles.[citation needed] According toOxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Los Angeles "remains the United States's preeminent city to eat regional Mexican food."[24] The city ofGlendale has among the highest concentration of Armenian restaurants in the country.
Given its close proximity to Asia and constant flow of Asian immigrants,Asian food has a large foothold in Los Angeles. Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Thai restaurants are extremely common place. Japanese food in particular is a staple of Los Angeles' haute cuisine scene with places like Urasawa inBeverly Hills, Nobu inMalibu and Koi inHollywood. California-styled cuisine is considered to be highly influenced by Asian seafood, as well as by Mediterranean cooking. The popularity of Asian food inspired food festivals such as626 Night Market inArcadia, where vendors sell traditionalnight market foods such asstinky tofu and skewers as well as modernfusion food such as ramen burgers and pho tacos.[25][26]
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Thegreater Los Angeles area is the most important site in the United States for movie and television production. This has drawn not only actors, but also writers, composers, artists, and other creative individuals to the area.
The area is home to many institutes that give awards annually for movie and television production such as theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and theAcademy of Television Arts & Sciences. There are manyFilm festivals, like the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Film Festival conducted byOutfest andDances with Films held at theTCL Chinese Theatre. Specialty theatres likeQuentin Tarantino'sNew Beverly Cinema andart houses like theNuart Theatre screen eclectic mixes of new and historic movies.
Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. This ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood is notable as the home of the U.S. film industry, including several of its historic studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people in it.
Although film production in Los Angeles remains the most important center for the medium, Hollywood has become more international, thus it faces increasing competition, however, from other parts of the United States and from theCanadian cities ofVancouver, British Columbia andToronto, Ontario as well as numerous other countries around the world such asRomania andAustralasia that provide Hollywood with lower production costs. The phenomenon of entertainment companies running away to other locales in search of lower labor and production costs is known as "runaway production" although the trend shows signs of reversing due to the state's current Film & Television Tax Credit Program administered by theCalifornia Film Commission.
The motion picture and TV industries have helped create the image that defines Los Angeles across the world. Many tourists flock to see Hollywood-related landmarks such as theWalk of Fame and theHollywood Sign.
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Los Angeles's literary history includes acclaimed authors such asRaymond Chandler, whose hard-boiled detective stories were set in pre-war and immediate post-war L.A.Ross Macdonald carried on the Chandler tradition into the 1950s, and in the 1960s and 1970s blended it with themes ofclassical tragedy.Walter Mosley,James Ellroy andJoseph Hansen are among the local successors to Chandler.Nathanael West's book,The Day of the Locust, depicted a raw side to the Hollywood dream.Ray Bradbury wrote science fiction after moving to the city in 1934. In the 1960s,Joan Didion became one of Los Angeles's most famous and acclaimed writers. Her essay collectionsSlouching Towards Bethlehem (1968) andThe White Album (1979) as well as her novelPlay It as It Lays (1970) established her as one of the preeminent chroniclers of the city. ActressCarrie Fisher found success as a novelist. The best known local poet wasCharles Bukowski, who mostly lived inHollywood but in the later part of his life lived inSan Pedro. Tens of thousands ofscreenplays have been written by L.A. city residents, and the movie business has attracted many authors, includingF. Scott Fitzgerald,Aldous Huxley,Tennessee Williams,Evelyn Waugh,William Faulkner and Joan Didion.
Los Angeles County boasts a plethora ofindependent bookstores[27] such asBook Soup and Skylight Books, as well as a number of literary magazine, including theLos Angeles Review of Books,Slake,The Santa Monica Review, andBlack Clock. Los Angeles has many public library branches, including the architecturally renownedPublic Library. This city is also home toThe Last Bookstore, which is the largest in California and second largest on the West Coast afterPowell's Books inPortland, Oregon.
Los Angeles has provided fertile territory for writers of fiction with crime fiction being a common genre for stories about the city. During the 20th century, fiction portraying the city has highlighted the complexity of the city and the discontinuities between its public image and the reality of living there. The size and scale of the city have also provided crime writers with a suitably complex city against which to set their stories. Works that explore life in the city include:
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Los Angeles is also one of the most important cities in the world for the recorded music industry. The landmarkCapitol Records building, which resembles a stack of albums, is representative of this.A&M Records long occupied a studio offSunset Boulevard built byCharlie Chaplin (who wrote the music for his own films). TheWarner Brothers built a major recording business in addition to their film business. At the other end of the business, localRhino Records began a reissue boom by digging through archives of old recordings and repackaging them for modern audiences.[citation needed]
Los Angeles had a vibrant African-American musical community even when it was relatively small: a number of musical artists congregated aroundCentral Avenue, and the community produced a number of great talents, includingCharles Mingus,Buddy Collette,Gerald Wilson, and others in the 1930s and 1940s before disappearing in the 1950s.[citation needed]
In the 1960s, theSunset Strip became a breeding ground for bands likeThe Byrds,Buffalo Springfield, andThe Doors.Randy Newman also started his career during this time, and theBeach Boys were founded in nearbyHawthorne during this same decade as well. Much hard rock has come out of Los Angeles, including legendary hard rockersVan Halen from nearbyPasadena, "hair bands" likeMötley Crüe,Ratt,W.A.S.P., andGuns N' Roses,thrash metal acts likeMegadeth,Metallica (who later relocated toSan Francisco) andSlayer (fromHuntington Park), and also 1990s rock bands such asJane's Addiction,Korn,The Offspring, and theRed Hot Chili Peppers. Softer rock acts also flourished, as evidenced by theEagles andLinda Ronstadt during the 1970s. There was a sizeablepunk rock movement which spawned the hardcore punk movement featuring bands likeX,Black Flag andWasted Youth. In the 1980s, thePaisley Underground movement was native to Los Angeles. In the 1990s and early 21st century, Los Angeles' contribution to rock music continued with acclaimed artists such asBeck,Sublime ofLong Beach,Tool,System of a Down,Rage Against the Machine,Crazy Town,No Doubt,Linkin Park,The Calling,Incubus,Hoobastank,Lifehouse,Eve 6,Sugar Ray,Deftones,Papa Roach,Alien Ant Farm,In This Moment,Avenged Sevenfold,AFI,Saosin, andThirty Seconds to Mars. In addition, thegangsta rap ofN.W.A, and later the solo careers ofDr. Dre,Eazy-E,Ice Cube,2Pac andSnoop Dogg, among related acts, reestablished Los Angeles (particularly the communities ofLong Beach andCompton) as a center ofAfrican-American musical development andG-funk as one of hip-hop's major living styles. The 2000s saw a further flourishing of the Los Angeles rock scene with acclaimed acts such asMaroon 5 and a resurgence inWest Coast hip hop in the form of rappers such asThe Game.The Black Eyed Peas gained even greater popularity during this decade. The pop singers such asBelinda Carlisle,Paula Abdul,Justin Timberlake,Gwen Stefani,Fergie,Hilary Duff,Ashlee Simpson,Jesse McCartney,Aly & AJ,Vanessa Hudgens,Ashley Tisdale,Miley Cyrus,Selena Gomez,Demi Lovato,Colbie Caillat,Sara Bareilles,Katy Perry,Kesha, andAriana Grande also anchored their singing careers in Los Angeles area as well.[citation needed]
In the heart of downtown Los Angeles is the Music Center of Los Angeles County. The Music Center consists of the newWalt Disney Concert Hall, theDorothy Chandler Pavilion, theAhmanson Theatre, and theMark Taper Forum. The courtyard, fountain, and public art make it a beautiful location. Adding to its cultural importance, on the same street are the Los Angeles Central Library, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, the Colburn School of Performing Arts, and the Cathedral of our Lady of the Angels. TheLos Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra now performs atWalt Disney Concert Hall after having spent many years in residence at theDorothy Chandler Pavilion, and performs summer concerts at theHollywood Bowl. The Los Angeles Master Chorale also calls theWalt Disney Concert Hall home. TheDorothy Chandler Pavilion is also the residence of theLos Angeles Opera and Dance at the Music Center. The Ahmanson Theatre, Mark Taper Forum, and the Kirk Douglas Theatre in Culver City, are home to the Center Theatre Group, directed by Michael Ritchie. Contemporary Opera Los Angeles presents performances that are sung in English and set in a contemporary style and their proceeds benefit local children's education charities and animal rescue charities.[citation needed]
The demands of scoring thousands of hours of soundtracks for TV and movies also provides work for composers and classically trained musicians, bands, orchestras, and symphonies.[citation needed]
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The Los Angeles metropolitan area is one of the most diverse urban areas in the world with hundreds of cultures represented in the region.
Below is a list of many ethnic enclaves present in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, where their cultures contribute to the cosmopolitan nature of the city.
Los Angeles is also home to a couple ofgay villages centered around the LGBTQ community in Los Angeles.
| Gay Village Name | Neighborhood |
|---|---|
| Gay Village | Silver Lake, Los Angeles |
| Gay WeHo | West Hollywood, California |
https://elpueblo.lacity.org/about-us
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