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Theculture ofArmenia encompasses many elements that are based on thegeography,literature,architecture,dance, andmusic of theArmenian people. Armenia is a majorityChristian country in theCaucasus.
Armenian literature began in 405 A.D. whenMesrop Mashtots created theArmenian alphabet,[1] according to tradition, probably basing it on thePahlavi andGreek alphabets.[2]Movses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khorene) was a prominent Armenian writer of the 5th century and the author of theHistory of the Armenians.
Modern writers include theRussian-Armenian author, poet, and philosopherMikael Nalbandian, who worked to create a new Armenian literary identity in the 19th century.
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From thefifth to thethird millennia B.C., in the higher regions ofArmenia there are rock paintings of scenes of country dancing.[3]
The energetic ArmenianYarkhushta is a martial dance mentioned in the medieval works ofMovses Khorenatsi,Faustus of Byzantium, andGrigor Magistros.[4] It has traditionally been danced by Armenian soldiers before combat engagements, partly for ritualistic purposes, and partly in order to cast off fear and boost battle spirit.[5]
The dance is performed by men, who face each other in pairs. The key element of the dance is a forward movement when participants rapidly approach one another and vigorously clap onto the palms of hands of dancers in the opposite row.[4]
ClassicalArmenian architecture is divided into four separate periods. The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th centuries, beginning when the Armenian monarchy converted toChristianity and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia.[7] The early churches were mostly simplebasilicas, some with sideapses. By the 5th century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the 7th century, centrally-planned churches were built with a more complicatedniched buttress and radiatingHripsime style. By the time of the Arab invasion most of classical Armenian architecture had formed.
Various rug fragments have been excavated in Armenia dating back to the 7th century BC or earlier. Complete rugs, or nearly complete rugs of this period have not yet been found. The oldest, single, surviving knotted carpet in existence is thePazyryk carpet. Although claimed by many cultures, this square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The rug is woven using the Armenian double knot, and the red filaments color was made fromArmenian cochineal.[9][10][11][12] Traditionally, since ancient times the carpets were used in Armenia to cover floors, decorate interior walls, sofas, chairs, beds and tables.[13] The Armenian words for carpet are "karpet" (Armenian: կարպետ)[14] or "gorg" (Armenian: գորգ).[15] Though both words in Armenian are synonymous, word "karpet" is mostly used for non-pile rugs and "gorg" is for a pile carpet. Though women historically dominated carpet-weaving in Armenian communities, several prominent carpet-weavers inKarabakh are known to have been men, and in some cases whole families took up the art. The oldest extantArmenian carpet from the region, referred to asArtsakh during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (nearGandzak) and dates to the early 13th century.[16] The first time that the Armenian word for pile carpets,gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242-1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.[8]
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making. Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such asartsvagorgs (eagle-carpets),vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) andotsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to theilluminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.[8]
The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage byKirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving.[17]
Armenian carpet was also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historianAl-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.[18]
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to theMiddle Ages. TheNational Gallery of Armenia,Modern Art Museum of Yerevan, and theMatenadaran are three examples of museums displaying various forms of visual art.
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LikeLacis, Armenian needlelace seems to be an obvious descendant of netmaking. Where lacis adds decorative stitches to a net ground, Armenian needlelace involves making the net itself decorative. There is some archaeological evidence suggesting the use of lace in prehistoricArmenia and the prevalence of pre-Christian symbology in traditional designs would certainly suggest a pre-Christian root for this art form.In contrast to Europe where lace was the preserve of the nobility, in Armenia it decorated everything from traditional headscarves to lingerie. Thus lacemaking was part of many women's lives.
Born inCairo, Egypt,Atom Egoyan is now an internationally known filmmaker who is celebrated for his contemporary work, including personal feature films and other related projects. He is the winner of many awards at international film festivals, such as the Grand Prix and international Critics' Awards from the Cannes Film Festival and two Academy Award nominations for "The Sweet Hereafter". Egoyan has also worked in the television and theatre industries, producing Wagner's Die Walkure which was performed by the Canadian Opera Company in April 2004.[19] Egoyan's creation Ararat (2002) is about the 1915Armenian Genocide perpetrated by theOttoman Empire. It depicts the consequences and suffering of a child survivor Arshile Gorky, and is an incredibly made-movie for both Armenians and non-Armenians.[20]
One of the most important parts of Armenian culture is themusic, which has brought new forms of music in recent years, while maintaining traditional styles too. This is evidenced by the world-classArmenian Philharmonic Orchestra that performs at the beautifully refurbishedAram Khachaturian Concert Hall in the Yerevan Opera House, where one can also attend a full season of opera. In addition, several chamber ensembles are highly regarded for their musicianship, including theKomitas Quartet,Hover Chamber Choir,National Chamber Orchestra of Armenia and the Serenade Orchestra. Classical music can also be heard at one of several smaller venues, including theYerevan State Musical Conservatory, theKomitas Chamber Music Hall and theKomitas Museum.Jazz is popular in Armenia, especially in the summer when live performances are a regular occurrence at one of the city's many outdoorcafés and parks.Armenian rock has made its input to the rock culture. The most known Armenian traditional instrument is the Ծիրանափող, meaning apricot flute, also known asduduk (pronounced[duˈduk] ordoo-dook).
Modern day Armenian artists have incorporated folk music into more modern jazz and rock genres so that the traditional music still influences their creations, such asZartong a late 70's Armenianprogressive folk band based out ofFrance.[21]
Inga and Anush Arshakyans are an unexpected duo who create ethno, contemporary tracks that are also full of Armenian spirit. After graduating from the Yerevan State Conservatory, the singers started performing together on the professional stage in 2000. Later, in 2009 Inga & Anush represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. They ended up taking the tenth place with 92 points. Their music is a balanced fusion of Armenian folk music, rock, jazz and other contemporary genres.[22]
Another singer from Yerevan, Armenia who is popular among young adults is Armen Gondrachyan, more famously known as 'Armenchik'. The influence of his father, who was also a singer, inspired Armen to start singing at the young age of seven. In 1989, Armen and his family moved to the United States, while in 1995, at the age of fifteen, he found a band and recorded his first album.[citation needed] In 1988, Armen went back to his hometown in Armenia and lived there for a year, and at the same time released the album, "Armen, memories from Armenia." This release initiated his path to star-dom.[23] With his current fame, Armen is still very dedicated to the Armenian community. It was in October 2003 that he had his first concert in Glendale, California. The concert was a sellout, and in that same year, Armen received an award for the best-selling album of the year, "Anunt Inche".[24]
Isabel Bayrakdarian is an opera singer of Armenian descent and is now known and popular both among Armenians and non-Armenians. She graduated from the University of Toronto with a degree in biomedical engineering, but has become very successful in North America as an opera singer and an active concertizer. She is featured on the Grammy-award-winning soundtrack of the film, the Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Bayrakdarian is also the winner of four Juno Awards for Best Classical Album (Vocal). Further, she is a featured vocalist of Atom Egoyan's movie, Ararat, in collaboration with the band "Delerium", which brought in another Grammy nomination.[25]
Şahan Arzruni is an internationally renowned concert pianist, born in Istanbul, Turkey. Through his live performances and sound recordings he has disseminated the Armenian piano music throughout the world. He has some two dozen recordings, devoted mostly to the works of Armenian composer. Arzruni is also an author, a lecturer, a producer and impresario. He has been awarded two medals by the Armenian government for furthering Armenian culture. He lives in New York City.[citation needed]
Since 2014,The Naghash Ensemble has been touring in Europe performing new music byAmerican-Armenian composer John Hodian based on sacred Armenian poetry by the medieval painter, poet and priestMkrtich Naghash. With three female vocalists, duduk, oud, dhol and piano, The Naghash Ensemble combines new classical music and post-minimaslism with Armenian folk and spiritual music.
Soviet Armenia (1924) was the first Armeniandocumentary film.Namus was the first Armenian silentblack and white film (1926,Namus atIMDb 
), directed byHamo Beknazarian and based on a play ofAlexander Shirvanzade describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations ofnamus (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father. In 1969,Sergei Parajanov createdThe Color of Pomegranates.
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Armenian cuisine is asancient as the history ofArmenia,[26] and is known for often having a distinct smell. Closely related toEastern European[27][28] andMediterranean cuisine, variousspices,vegetables,fish, andfruits combine to present unique dishes. Armenia is also famous for itswine andbrandy. In particular,Armenian cognac is renowned worldwide (winner of several awards), and was considered by the late British Prime Minister, SirWinston Churchill, as his favourite.[citation needed]
A very important aspect of the Armenian cuisine is the traditional bread calledLavash. In 2014, "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia" was included in theUNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[29]
The Armenian soup,Khash, also has its own, unique place in the Armenian cuisine. The namekhash originates from the Armenian verbkhashél (Armenian: խաշել), which means "to boil." The dish, initially calledkhashoy, is mentioned by a number of medieval Armenian authors, e.g.Grigor Magistros (11th century),Mkhitar Heratsi (12th century), Yesayi Nchetsi (13th century), etc.[30]
Thepomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility represents that nation. The apricot is the national fruit. Since Roman times, the apricot was known asPrunus Armeniaca, literally translated as " Armenian Plum".According to encyclopedia.com, "a popular Armenian drink to this day is tan, a mixture of water and soured yogurt".[citation needed]
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TheArmenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion some 5000 years ago, or perhaps as early as 7,800 years ago according to some recent research.[31] Trade and conquest forced the language to change, adding new words into the people's vocabulary.Literature and books written in Armenian appeared by the 4th century. The written language of that time, calledclassical Armenian orgrabar, remained the Armenian literary language, with various changes, until the 19th century. Meanwhile, spoken Armenian developed independently of the written language. Many dialects appeared when Armenian communities became separated by geography or politics, and not all of these dialects are mutually intelligible.English is a popular language in the business world.[citation needed]
The dominant religion in Armenia isChristianity and theArmenian Apostolic Church is the national church of Armenia.
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A wide array of sports are played in Armenia.Football is the most popular sport in Armenia. Other popular sports arewrestling,weightlifting,judo,chess, andboxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports likeskiing androck climbing. Being a landlocked country,water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notablyLake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been very successful atchess,weightlifting, andwrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in theUnion of European Football Associations (UEFA),Federation of International Bandy (FIB), andInternational Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts thePan-Armenian Games.
InPost-Soviet countries, the Armenian football players are well known for their skills and well developed techniques. This is mainly due to the success of the Armenian players such as,Khoren Hovhannisyan,Eduard Markarov,Levon Ishtoyan,Nikita Simonyan, etc. One of the biggest successes of Armenian club was the took place in the golden year of 1973, where the famous Armenian clubArarat Yerevan took both, the title of theSoviet Top League and theSoviet Cup.[citation needed]
Since independence, Armenia has been very successful in chess.[citation needed] Armenia's men team have won theChess Olympiad 3 times, making them 5th most successful team in chess world history. Famous chess players, such asTigran Petrosyan andGarry Kasparov are both of Armenian origins.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)В ковре нити темно-синего и голубого цвета окрашены индиго по карминоносным червецам, нити красного цвета – аналогичными червецами типаараратской кошенили.
On folktales:
