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Cultural backwardness

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Soviet political term

Cultural backwardness (Russian:культурная отсталость,romanized: kul'turnaya otstalost') was a term used by Soviet politicians and ethnographers. There were at one point officially 97 "culturally backward" nationalities in theSoviet Union.^[1] Members of a "culturally backward" nationality were eligible for preferential treatment in university admissions.^[2] In 1934 theCentral Executive Committee declared that the term should no longer be used, however preferential treatment for certain minorities and the promotion of local nationals in the party structure throughkorenizatsiya continued for several more years.^[3]

Characteristics

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ThePeople's Commissariat for Education listed five official characteristics of culturally backward nationalities:^[4]

An extremely low level ofliteracy
An extremely low percentage of children in school
Absence of a written script connected to aliterary language
Existence of "social vestiges" (oppression of women,racial hostility,nomadism,religious fanaticism)
An extremely low level of nationalcadres

List of nationalities identified as culturally backward

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In 1932 the People's Commissariat for Education published an official list of "culturally backward" nationalities:^[1]

1933 stamp depictingTungus (Evenks), one of the "culturally backward" peoples. One of the people pictured is reading a newspaper, hinting at the modernization of the Evenks under Soviet rule.

1933 stamp showingChuvash people; again, modernization is hinted at, with atractor being used and happy peasants apparently working on acollective farm.

Chechens on a 1933 stamp: they read newspapers and listen to agramophone.

Oroch
Orochen (Orochon, a tribal division of Evenks)^[7]
Ossetians
Ostyak (Khanty)
Persians
Roma (Gypsies)
Rutuls
Samagir (Nanai)
Shapsugs
Shors
Soyot
Tabasarans
Tajiks
Taranchis
Tats
Tatars (outside of theTatar ASSR)
Tavgi (Nganasans)
Teptyars (now classified as Bashkirs)^[8]
Teleuts
Tungus (Evenks)
Turkmen
Tuvans
Udege
Udmurts
Ulch
Uyghurs
Uzbeks
Vepsians
Voguls (Mansi)
Votes
Yakuts
Yukaghir

References

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^^a ^bMartin (2001), p. 167.
^Martin (2001), p. 56.
^Martin (2001), p. 374.
^Martin (2001), p. 166.
^Wixman (1984), p. 20.
^Wixman (1984), p. 89.
^Wixman (1984), p. 149.
^Wixman (1984), p. 190.

Works cited

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Martin, Terry Dean (2001).The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. United States:Cornell University Press.ISBN 978-0-8014-8677-7.
Wixman, Ronald (1984).The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. United States: M. E. Sharpe.ISBN 978-0-87332-506-6.

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