TheCrusade of 1267 was a military expedition from theUpper Rhenish regions of theHoly Roman Empire for the defence of theKingdom of Jerusalem. It was one of several minorcrusades of the 1260s that resulted from a period ofPapally-sponsoredcrusade preaching of unprecedented intensity. The only major campaign to come of it was theEighth Crusade in 1270.[1]
Something is known of the preaching and organization of the crusade, but nothing for certain of its results. Several hundred crusaders and pilgrims did reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem under the leadership of twoministerials, but they probably waited in vain for the arrival of the Eighth Crusade without undertaking major military actions. Most of the crusaders of 1267 returned home before the Eighth Crusade even set out.[2]
The main source for the Crusade of 1267 is theBassler Chronick ofChristian Wurstisen, which appeared in 1580.[2] Although a late source with a confused chronology, Wurstisen is generally reliable and his chronology can be corrected by other sources.[3]
In response to the recent attacks of theEgyptian sultanBaibars against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had resulted in theloss of Arsuf andof Caesarea, PopeClement IV issued thebullExpansis in cruce authorising a formal crusade in August 1265. It was sent toFrance,Germany andScandinavia.[1] The preaching of the new crusade was entrusted to the German bishops and to theDominican andFranciscan friars in January 1266.[2] According to theChronica minor auctore Minorita Erphordiensi:
In the year of our Lord 1266, Pope Clement sent out letters throughout the kingdom of Germany commanding the Dominicans and Franciscans to preach the cross faithfully and urgently against the Sultan of Babylon, who is the Pharaoh of Egypt, and against the Saracens overseas, so that the suffering of the Christians [there] might be alleviated and for the support of the Holy Land.[4]
Recruitment was poor except inAlsace, theSundgau andBasel. There preaching was conducted by Achilles, former head of the Dominican priory in Basel. He recruited an army of more than 500 that gathered in Basel in early 1267.[2]
Out of the same kingdom-wide preaching campaign and Papal bull, several leading noblemen of the Empire opted tocrusade against Prussia instead of in the Holy Land. These included KingOttokar II of Bohemia, DukeAlbert I of Brunswick, MargraveHenry III of Meissen and MargraveOtto III of Brandenburg.[4] TheChronica minor also reports that many of those recruited in Germany in 1266 were pressed into serving CountCharles I of Anjou in his conquest of theKingdom of Sicily, which had Papal sanction as a crusade against the pope's main rivals in Italy, the GermanStaufer dynasty.[4]
The crusaders that gathered at Basel were placed under the leadership of two knights, Sigfrid Mönch and Hemman (Johannes) Schaler, who were ministerials of thebishopric of Basel.[2] The crusade lacked a noble leader, since ministerials were legallyserfs.[5]
According to theAnnales Basileenses,[6] the Mönch and Schaler families held a "court" in Basel in 1266. This is most likely the annualtournament held on 8 September by thePsitticher (Parrots), one of the municipal factions in Basel to which both the Mönch and Schaler families belonged. The famous poetKonrad von Würzburg, who was living in Basel and an associate of thePsitticher at the time, may even have composed his poemDer Welt Lohn as a piece of crusade propaganda for the occasion.[7] One other knowncrusade song may have been composed on the occasion of the Crusade of 1267:Hilf, herre, den die dîner muoter nîgen! byHawart.[8]
The Rhenish crusaders were probably only permitted to go to the Holy Land because of the death of KingManfred of Sicily, Charles of Anjou's rival, the previous year.[4] They left Basel duringLent (2 March–10 April)[2] and travelled overland toGenoa, where they would have arrived in late April or early May. There they reportedly met aMongol delegation returning from a mission toAragon and travelled with it to Acre. This was probably not the same embassy that returned to Mongolia with a Papal ambassador,Jayme Alaric, since that group must only have departed after 20 August, too late for the crusading army that arrived in the spring. A Genoese war fleet of 25 ships underLuchetto Grimaldi is known to have left Genoa in late June and arrived inAcre, the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, on 16 August. This, a fleet equipped forwar against Venice, is probably the fleet that carried the Rhenish crusaders.[9]
Of the actions of this small crusade in the Holy Land little is known.[2] Several crusaders managed to complete their pilgrimage to theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre in Muslim territory, where some of them were knighted.[10] It is likely that the army avoided any military confrontations with the Baibars' forces in anticipation of the arrival of the armies of the Eighth Crusade. The army of KingLouis IX of France (who took the cross in March 1267) did not go to the Holy Land in any case, instead attackingTunis in 1270. Likewise, theLord Edward's crusade did not arrive in Acre until 1271.[2] They could have taken part in thedefence of Antioch, which fell to Baibars on 18 May 1268.[3] Most of the Upper Rhenish crusaders returned home in the period 1269–1270.[2]
A literary echo of the Crusade of 1267 may be found in the novellaPeter von Staufenberg, written in 1310 by Egenolf von Staufenberg. Although the novella is completely fictional, the prototype for the title character is the historical Peter von Staufenberg, who is documented in 1274 and 1287. It is probable that the novella's story of the knighting of Peter at the Holy Sepulchre was based on the real Peter's participation in the Crusade of 1267.[11]