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Crown Colony of Penang

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British colony from 1946 to 1957

Crown Colony of Penang

Pulau Pinang (Malay)

1946–1957

Flags
Top: 1949–1952
Bottom: 1952–1957

Coat of arms

Anthem: God Save the King (1946–1952)
God Save the Queen (1952–1957)

Location of Penang

Status

Crown colony

Capital

George Town

Common languages

Government

• 1946–1952

• 1952–1957

Resident-Councillor

• 1946–1948

Sydney Noel King

Historical era

Post-war ·Cold War

• Dissolution of the Straits Settlements

1 April 1946

• Independence from the United Kingdom

31 August 1957

Currency

Malayan dollar

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	British Military Administration (Malaya)
	Straits Settlements

Federation of Malaya
Penang

Today part of

Malaysia

TheCrown Colony of Penang was a BritishCrown colony from 1946 to 1957. It came under British sovereignty after being ceded by theSultanate of Kedah in 1786, and had been part of theStraits Settlements from 1826 to 1946.^[1] Together withSingapore, it became a Crown colony under the direct control of the BritishColonial Office inLondon until it was incorporated into theMalayan Union.^[2]

History

[edit]

The BritishEast India Company gained Penang in 1786 and established a trading post.^[3] It was ceded by the Sultan of Kedah to ensure the former's protection against the threat posed by its Siamese and Burmese neighbors.^[4] It was transformed into a Crown colony, substituting state for company control through the Straits Settlement 1867.^[3] DuringWorld War II, it was occupied by theJapanese from 1942 to 1945.

After the post-war dissolution of the Straits Settlements Penang and Malacca become crown colonies in the Federation of Malaya, whileSingapore became a standalone Crown colony, separate from Malaya.^[5] In 1955,Tunku Abdul Rahman held a meeting with the British to discuss the end of British rule in Penang with a merger with theMalayan Union (which was then replaced by theFederation of Malaya). On 31 August 1957, when Malaya achieved its independence from the United Kingdom, Penang was integrated as a state of the federation, which later becameMalaysia when it merged with other territories inBritish Borneo.^[6]

References

[edit]

^A. GUTHRIE (of the Straits Settlements, and OTHERS.) (1861).The British Possessions in the Straits of Malacca. [An Address to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Signed by A. Guthrie and Others, and Dated April 20th, 1861, in Reference to the Transfer of the Administration of the British Possessions in the Straits of Malacca to the Colonial Office.]. p. 1.
^Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1049.ISBN 1576077705.
^^a ^bKratoska, Paul H. (2001).South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperial decline: nationalism and the Japanese challenge (1920s-1940s), Volume 4. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 89.ISBN 0415215439.
^Graham, Penny F. (1 March 2015).Whatever Remains: A true story of secret lives and hidden families. Big Sky Publishing.ISBN 9781925275032.
^"The Straits Settlements is Dissolved". National Library Board, Singapore. 1 April 1946. Retrieved16 July 2016.
^Cheah Boon Kheng (June 2009)."The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948–90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change"(PDF).National University of Singapore.New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. p. 133/2. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 December 2019. Retrieved18 October 2015.

v t e Protectorates andCrown colonies ofBritish Malaya andBorneo
Malaya	Straits Settlements(1826–1946) Unfederated Malay States(1885–1946) Federated Malay States(1895–1946) Malayan Union(1946–1948) Crown Colony of Malacca(1946–1957) Crown Colony of Penang(1946–1957) Colony of Singapore(1946–1963) Federation of Malaya(1948–1957)
Borneo	Raj of Sarawak(1841–1946) Crown Colony of Labuan(1848–1946) North Borneo(1882–1946) Brunei(1888–1984) Crown Colony of Sarawak(1946–1963) Crown Colony of North Borneo(1946–1963)

FormerBritish Empire and CurrentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus) Corsica 1794–1796 ^†Cyprus 1878–1960 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800(integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

Governors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependencies

Crown
Dependencies

Overseas
territories

Former posts

Africa	Governor of British Mauritius Governor of British Cameroons Governor of the Gambia Governor of Gold Coast Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West Governor of Kenya Governor of Lagos Colony Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governor of Northern Rhodesia Governor of Nyasaland Governor of Southern Rhodesia Governor of Nigeria Governor of Senegal Governor of the Seychelles Governor of Sierra Leone Governor-General of South Africa High Commissioner for Southern Africa Governors of British South African colonies Governor of British Somaliland Governor of Tanganyika Governor of Uganda Resident in Zanzibar
Americas	Governor of the Bahamas Governor of Barbados Lieutenant Governor of Grenada Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice Governor of British Guiana Governor of British Honduras Governor of Cuba Governor of Dominica Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo Governor of Grenada Governor of Jamaica Governor of the Leeward Islands Governor of St. Lucia Governor of St. Vincent Governor of Trinidad and Tobago Lieutenant governors of Tobago Governor of Trinidad Governor of Newfoundland Governor General of Canada Governor of British Columbia Governor of New Brunswick Governor of Nova-Scotia Governor of Prince Edward Island Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Governor-General of the West Indies Federation Governor of Connecticut Governor of Delaware Governor of Florida Governor of Georgia Governor of Maryland Governor of Massachusetts-Bay Governor of New Hampshire Governor of New-Jersey Governor of New-York Governor of North-Carolina Governor of Pennsylvania Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations Governor of South-Carolina Governor of Virginia
Asia	Governor of Aden Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory Governor of Burma Governor of Ceylon High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states General Adviser to the Government of Johore Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah Adviser to the Government of Kelantan Adviser to the Government of Perlis Adviser, Trengganu Governor of Hong Kong Viceroy and Governor-General of India Heads of the provinces of British India Governor of Aden Governor of Bengal Governor of Bombay Governor of Madras Governor of Sindh Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states Resident of Gwalior High Commissioner for Iraq Governor of Labuan Representative in Muscat and Oman High Commissioner for Malaya Governor of the Malayan Union Governor of North Borneo Resident Minister in Nepal High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan Governor of Penang Representative in the Raj of Sarawak Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak Governor of Singapore Representative in the Trucial States
Europe	Governor of Cyprus Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands Governor of the Isle of Wight Civil Commissioner of Malta Governor of Malta Governor of Minorca Governor of Northern Ireland
Oceania	Governor-General of Australia Government Resident of Central Australia Governor of New South Wales Government Resident of North Australia Governor of Queensland Governor of South Australia Governor of Tasmania Governor of Victoria Governor of Western Australia Governor of Fiji Governor-General of New Zealand Governor-General of Papua New Guinea Governor of the Solomon Islands Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony Consul in Tonga High Commissioner for the Western Pacific

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