Crișana | |
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| Country |  Romania Hungary |
| Largest city | Oradea |
Crișana (Romanian:Crișana,Hungarian:Körösvidék,German:Kreischgebiet) is a geographical andhistorical region ofRomania named after theCriș (Körös) River and its three tributaries: theCrișul Alb,Crișul Negru, andCrișul Repede. In Romania, the term is sometimes extended to include areas beyond the border, inHungary; in this interpretation, the region is bounded to the east by theApuseni Mountains, to the south by theMureș River, to the north by theSomeș River, and to the west by theTisza River, theRomanian-Hungarian border cutting it in two.[1][2] However, in Hungary, the area between the Tisza River and the Romanian border is usually known asTiszántúl.
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Inancient times, this area was settled byCelts,Dacians,Sarmatians, andGermanic peoples. In the first century BC, it was part of theDacian Kingdom underBurebista.
In theMiddle Ages, it was ruled by theHunnic Empire, theKingdom of the Gepids, theAvar Empire, theBulgarian Empire and theKingdom of Hungary.
Hungarian maps based on theGesta Hungarorum call it Kazárország. According toSimon of Keza's 13th C.Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, the same area was ruled (underZvataplug son ofMorout),[dubious –discuss] by Morout's grandsonMenumorout (Stallion of Morout) in the 10th century. Morout was aPrince of Poland who had supposedly subduedBractari and ruled as Emperor of the Bulgars and Moravians.[3][4] Prince Morout occupied Crișana and the people that are calledCozar inhabited that land in reference to theCozlones. Prince Morout's son Zvataplug appears to have been the father of Prince Morout's grandson Menumorout who succeeded Zvataplug and wed his daughter toÁrpád's sonZoltán of Hungary father ofTaksony of Hungary.[5]
Jews living in the area transmitted a letter written about 960 CE to KingJoseph of the Khazars byHasdai ibn Shaprut. About the same time Ibrahim ibn Jacob says that Jews went from the same area toPrague for business purposes. Nothing else is known concerning these Jews during the period of thegrand princes, except that they lived in the area and engaged in commerce there.[citation needed]
The largest city in the region,Oradea (Hungarian:Nagyvárad), was most probably established during the early years of Hungarian rule. It is first mentioned in 1113 under the name "Varadinum" in a diploma belonging toBenedictineZobor Abbey. The Romanian nameOradea originates from the Hungarian nameVárad, meaning "fortified place". The city was one of the most important cultural centres of the medieval Hungarian state: two Hungarian kings,Ladislaus I (1077-1095) andSigismund (1387-1437) were buried there. After the canonization of Ladislaus I in 1192, his shrine at Várad became a Catholic pilgrimage site.
After theFall of Belgrade (1521) andBattle of Mohács (1526), the region became part of theEastern Hungarian Kingdom. In 1552, the Ottoman Empire occupied the southern part of Crișana and included it in the newly established Ottoman provinceTemeşvar Eyalet. According to theTreaty of Speyer (1570), the rest of Crișana became part of thePrincipality of Transylvania, a successor state of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.John Sigismund Zápolya abdicated as King of Hungary and in return,Maximilian II of Habsburg recognized John Sigismund's authority over the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary. John Sigismund becameprinceps Transsylvaniae et partium regni Hungariae dominus – Prince of Transylvania and ofa part of the Kingdom of Hungary (Partium). Crișana was included in the Partium.
The OttomanVarat Eyalet that was formed in the second half of the 17th century was centered on Crișana. Since the end of the 17th century, the whole region became part of the lands of theHabsburg monarchy and was administratively divided between theHabsburg Kingdom of Hungary, the HabsburgPrincipality of Transylvania and the HabsburgMilitary Frontier.
Following the abolition of theTheiß-Muresch section of the Habsburg Military Frontier (in 1750) and the abolition of thePrincipality of Transylvania in 1867, the whole area was included again into theKingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the dual monarchy ofAustria-Hungary. During Habsburg administration, Crișana did not, on the whole, have special status such as that ofTransylvania or theBanat; briefly, from 1850 to 1860, it was organized as theMilitary District of Großwardein. After disintegration of theAustro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Crișana was divided betweenRomania (eastern part) andHungary (western part).
Romanian Crișana is located within thePannonian basin and bounded in Romania byMaramureș to the north,Transylvania proper to the east,Banat to the south, and Hungary to the west. The region consists of the current Romanian counties ofArad (most of it),Bihor and some parts ofSălaj,Satu Mare, parts ofMaramureș County (Codru, Chioar) andHunedoara counties. Nowadays it is sometimes considered part of the historical regionTransylvania, although it did not fall fully within the boundaries of the historical principality.
Hungarian Körösvidék is covered by the areas ofHajdú-Bihar County andBékés County. The southern part of Crișana, near the Mureș River, was calledPomorišje by theSerbs.
The most important cities are:
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![Wooden church in Brădet [ro]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBradet.peste_sat.jpg)
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Banat (1918–)a |
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Dobruja (1878–) |
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Moldavia (1859–)b |
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Transylvania (1918–)ag | |
Wallachia (1859–)b | |
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