| Cratendune | |
|---|---|
 Reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon village inWest Stow | |
| District | |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
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Cratendune (Medieval Latin:vallis Cracti) is the name of the lost village reported in theLiber Eliensis, the history of the abbey, thenEly Cathedral, compiled towards the end of the 12th century, as the 500th anniversary of the traditional founding date drew near.[1] As no direction is indicated inLiber Eliensis, a number of archaeological sites are therefore candidates for this lost village.
Reading from theLiber Eliensis MS folio 2, which is a 12th centuryBenedictine history ofEly written in Latin, Bentham describesÆthelberht of Kent, Chief of the Saxon Kings, founding a church at the insistence ofAugustine (died 26 May 604). The church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was located about 1.6 kilometres (1 mi)[nb 1] from what is now Ely Cathedral at a place calledCratendune.[2] The date mentioned for this founding was the year 607,[nb 2] three years after Augustine's death. This incongruity was attributed by Bentham to a mistake by the monk transcribing this history.[3]
Fairweather, translating the same Latin text, records the site 1.6 kilometres (1 mi)[4] from the present site of the Cathedral:
In times of old, so it is said, there was avill, that is, in Latin,Vallis Cracti[nb 3] a mile away from the city which now exists. There one frequently finds implements of iron-work and the coinage of past kings, and the fact that it was for a long time a place inhabited by men is clear from various pieces of evidence. But after Æthelthryth, beloved of God, chose to dwell there, ...she sited her living-quarters near the course of the river, on higher ground[5]
Staffed by Benedictine monks, the church was abandoned, perhaps destroyed in around 650 by or on the orders of thepaganPenda of Mercia.[2][6]
No direction is indicated inLiber Eliensis; a number of archaeological sites, therefore, are candidates for this lost village. Two candidate locations are based on the survival of thetoponymCratenden. One,Cratendon Field, was identified as the lost site by the antiquarian James Bentham just south of the city of Ely,[7] and the identification was repeated byJames Sargant Storer, inThe Antiquarian Itinerary, 1816.[8] Janet Fairweather notes that in the Ely Coucher bookCratendune Field is listed next toGrunty Fen, corroborating this identification.Cratendune also survived as a toponym associated with Chettisham in a 1251 survey.[9]
As there is no documented direction forCratendune, the place could be anywhere. These modern places are all within 4 kilometres (2 mi) of the present day site of Ely cathedral. The cathedral is built onboulder clay resting on a JurassicKimmeridge Clay bed; the old course of theRiver Great Ouse is 2 kilometres (1 mi) south-east. The highest point in the area at 26 metres (85 ft) is 0.8 kilometres (0.5 mi) south-west towardsWitchford aerodrome, now disused. At Witchford, 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west, Fowler found an Anglo-Saxon cemetery: see below.
Places adjacent to Cratendune | ||||||||||||||||
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The search forCratendune continues, though evidence that any one site is the lost village remains sparse.[11] In 1999 there was media attention during preparation work for new buildings at West Fen Road, Ely.[12] The archaeology work subsequently undertaken indeed shows Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon occupation.[13] However, it was shown that the site was still active in the 13th century and there were no signs of an earlier Anglo-Saxon settlement here. This makes the West Fen Road site an unlikely Cratendune location.[14]
During World War II whilst constructing an aerodrome atWitchford, nearLittle Thetford, a cemetery was discovered.[15] Major Gordon Fowler reports witnessing a bulldozer leveling off ground and in so doing was crushing skeletons. The urgent war effort could not be stopped so little archaeological work could be undertaken. He was, however, able to recover some objects from the graves, which were later dated by Lethbridge to be consistent with the period AD 450–650.[16] Recent survey work has not repeated the 1943 report of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery here, instead of finding Iron-Age and Roman period domestic and other remains.[17] It has been suggested that an Anglo-Saxon settlement within Ely was perhaps more spread out, with no single core settlement.[18]
