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Country code top-level domain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Internet top-level domain generally used by or reserved for a country
"ccTLD" and "cc TLD" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see.cc.
For a list of TLDs, seeList of Internet top-level domains.

Acountry code top-level domain (ccTLD) is anInternettop-level domain generally used or reserved for acountry, sovereign state, ordependent territory identified with acountry code. AllASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

In 2018, theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementinginternationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding toISO 3166-1 alpha-2country codes. WhilegTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]

Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included.us (United States),.uk (United Kingdom) and.il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included.au (Australia),.de (Germany),.fi (Finland),.fr (France),.is (Iceland),.jp (Japan),.kr (South Korea),.nl (Netherlands) and.se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included.nz (New Zealand),.ch (Switzerland) and.ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included.ie (Ireland).it (Italy),.es (Spain) and.pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included.in (India) and.yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s,.cn (People’s Republic of China) and.ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.

There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The.cn,.tk,.de,.uk,.nl and.ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains[citation needed]. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains[citation needed]. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[3]

Delegation and management

[edit]

IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[4] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registeringsubdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, theUnited States (us),Japanese (jp),Canadian (ca),French (fr) andGerman (de) domains, or registration may be open.

History

[edit]

The first registered ccTLD was.us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included.uk and.il. Then,.au,.de,.fi,.fr,.is,.jp,.kr,.nl and.se were also registered in 1986.[5] In 1987,.nz,.ch,.my.ca were registered. Later on, in 1988,.ie,.it,.es and.pt were also registered.

Lists

[edit]

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020[update], with the addition of internationalized domains.[6]

Latin Character ccTLDs

[edit]
Table columns – legend
Name DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They followISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codesbv,bl,mf,sj,gb, andum are not used for country code top-level domains.
Entity Country, dependency, or region
Explanation Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g..de forDeutschland,German language name for Germany).
Notes General remarks
Registry Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN Support forinternationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC Presence of DS records forDomain Name System Security Extensions
SLD Second level domain
IPv6 Registry fully supportsIPv6 access
Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name[7]EntityExplanationNotesRegistry[7]IDNDNSSECSLDIPv6
.acAscension Island (United Kingdom)Ascension IslandCommonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However,.ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as theUnited Kingdom (.ac.uk),India (.ac.in) orIndonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries.Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run byInternet Computer Bureau)YesYesYesYes
.adAndorraAndorraLocal trademark, trade name or citizenship required[8][9]Nic.adNoYesYes
.aeUnited Arab EmiratesUnitedArabEmirates.aeDANoNoYes
.afAfghanistanAfghanistanNoYesYes
.agAntigua and BarbudaAntigua and BarbudaAlso unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation ofAktiengesellschaft).NoYesYes
.aiAnguilla (United Kingdom)AnguillaAlso unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence).NoNoYes
.alAlbaniaAlbaniaCitizenshipno longer required.NoNoYes
.amArmeniaArmeniaAlso unofficially used byAM radio stations, podcasts or related business.NoYesYesYes
.aoAngolaAngolaNoNoUnknown
.aqAntarcticaAntarctiqueDefined by theAntarctic Treaty as everything south oflatitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge.?NoYes?
.arArgentinaArgentinanic.arSpanish[A]YesYesYes
.asAmerican Samoa (United States)AmericanSamoaIn some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality ofAsturias, Spain.YesNoYes
.atAustriaAustriaNic.atYes[B]YesYesYes
.auAustraliaAustraliaRestrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[12] IncludesAshmore and Cartier Islands andCoral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[13]auDANoYesYes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[13]Yes
.awAruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)Aruba,West IndiesRestricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizensNoYesYes
.axÅland (Finland).aland.adalready allocatedNoYesYes
.azAzerbaijanAzerbaijanOnly for Residents. Has noWHOIS-Server.NoYesYesYes
.baBosnia and HerzegovinaBosniaand HerzegovinaUniversity of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centrehttps://www.utic.unsa.bahttps://www.nic.baNoNoYes
.bbBarbadosBarbadosNoNoYes
.bdBangladeshBangladeshFor individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh.YesNoYes
.beBelgiumBelgiumUsed forYouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in theCanton of Bern,Switzerland.DNS BelgiumLatin[14]YesYesYes[15]
.bfBurkina FasoBurkinaFasoNoNoYes
.bgBulgariaBulgariaSee also.бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLDYesYesYes
.bhBahrainBahrainNoYesYes
.biBurundiBurundiNoNoYes
.bjBenin.be,.bn,and.bialready allocatedNoNoYes
.bmBermuda (United Kingdom)BermudaLocal corporate registration requiredNoYesYes
.bnBruneiBruneiNoNoNo
.boBoliviaBoliviaNoNoYes
.bqCaribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire,Saba, and Sint Eustatius).beand.bsalready allocated
.brBrazilBrasilRestricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.:.edu.br for higher education institutions,.gov.br for government agencies, etc.).[16]Yes[17]YesNo[C]
.bsBahamasBahamasNoNoYes
.btBhutanBhutanMust have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[18]NoYesNo
.bwBotswanaBotswanaMay also be used for theProvince of Walloon Brabant,Wallonia,BelgiumNoNo[19]Yes
.byBelarusByelorussiaAlso unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), GermanyNoYesYes
.bzBelizeBelizeAlso unofficially used in the province ofBozen (orSouth Tyrol, see.st)NoYesYes
.caCanadaCanadaSubject toCanadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state ofCalifornia.CIRAFrench[20]YesYesYes
.ccCocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos IslandsAustralian territory: not to be confused withCocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, aVeriSign company.YesYesYes
.cdDemocratic Republic of the CongoCongo,Democratic RepublicAlso unofficially used forCompact disc-related domains.NoNoYes
.cfCentral African RepublicCentral African RepublicAlso used as a free domain service to the public.Freenom (for free domains)YesNoYes
.cgRepublic of the CongoCongoNoNoYes
.ch  SwitzerlandConfoederatioHelveticaSWITCHYes[D]YesYes
.ciIvory CoastCôte d'IvoireNoNoYes
.ckCook IslandsCook IslandsNoNoYes
.clChileChileNIC ChileYesYesYesYes
.cmCameroonCameroonA local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name.NoNoYes
.cnPeople's Republic of ChinaChinaA local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a validResident Identity Card. SeeICP license for more information regarding registrations.Hong Kong andMacau also maintain TLDs.

Also unofficially used forCartoon Network-related domains.

YesYesYesYes
.coColombiaColombiaMarketed as a global domain. Anyone can register.NoYesYes
.crCosta RicaCostaRicaNoYesYes
.cuCubaCubaNoNoYes
.cvCape VerdeCapeVerdeAlso unofficially used forcurriculum vitae-related domains.NoNoYes
.cwCuraçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)Curaçao,West IndiesNoUnknown
.cxChristmas IslandChristmasXmasMade infamous fromGoatse.cxNoYesYes
.cyCyprusCyprusNoNoYes
.czCzech RepublicCzechNo[E]YesYes
.deGermanyDeutschland (The native name for Germany)German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed.DENICYes[F]YesYesYes
.djDjiboutiDjiboutiAlso unofficially used bydisc jockeys.NoNoYes
.dkDenmarkDanmarkDK HostmasterYes[G]YesYesYes
.dmDominicaDominicaNoNoYes
.doDominican RepublicDominicanNoNoYes
.dzAlgeriaElDjazair /DzayerNoYesYes
.ecEcuadorEcuadorInJapan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[25]Nic.ecNoNoYes
.eeEstoniaEestiYes[H]YesYes
.egEgyptEgyptNoNoYes
.ehWestern SaharaEspañol SaharaUnassignedNoNoNo
.erEritreaEritreaNoYes
.esSpainEspañaRed.esYes[27]YesYes
.etEthiopiaEthiopiaNoNoNo
.euEuropean UnionEuropeanUnionRestricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in theBasque language, but now.eus is in official use.EURidYes[I]YesYesYes[29]
.fiFinlandFinlandRegistration allowed worldwide, local presence not required.FICORAYes[J]YesYesYes
.fjFijiFijiNoNoYes
.fkFalkland Islands (United Kingdom)FalklandNoNoNo
.fmFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States ofMicronesiaAlso unofficially used byFM radio stations,podcasts or related business.YesYesYes
.foFaroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark)royarFO CouncilNoYesYes
.frFranceFranceRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[K]AFNICYes[32]YesYes
.gaGabonGabonAlso used as a free domain service to the public.Freenom (for free domains)YesNoYes
.gdGrenadaGrenadaNoYesYes
.geGeorgiaGeorgiaAvailable for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).[33]NoNoYes
.gfFrench Guiana (France)GuyaneFrançaiseNoNo
.ggGuernsey.gu,.gs,and.gyalready allocatedAlso unofficially used by video game-related websites (seeGG (gaming))Island Networks Ltd.YesNoYes
.ghGhanaGhanaNoNoNo
.giGibraltar (United Kingdom)GibraltarNoYesYes
.glGreenland (Kingdom of Denmark)GreenlandPreviously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now.gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014NoYesYes
.gmThe GambiaGambiaDomain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked.NoNoYes
.gnGuineaGuineaA local contact is requiredNoYesNo
.gpGuadeloupe (France)GuadeloupeStill used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-MartinNoNoYes
.gqEquatorial GuineaGuinée équatorialeAlso used as a free domain service to the public.YesNo
.grGreeceGreeceYes[L]YesYes
.gsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)SouthGeorgia and the SouthSandwich IslandsNoYesYes
.gtGuatemalaGuatemalaYesNoYesYes
.guGuam (United States)GuamNoNoNo
.gwGuinea-BissauGine-BisaawoNoYesYes
.gyGuyanaGuyanaNoYesYes
.hkHong KongHongKongYesYesYes
.hmHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHeard Island andMcDonald IslandsUnused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use.aq); registry open to the public.NoNoYes
.hnHondurasHondurasNoYesYes
.hrCroatiaHrvatskaNoYesYes
.htHaitiHaitiYesNoYes
.huHungaryHungaryCitizens of theEuropean Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EUYes[35]YesYes
.idIndonesiaIndonesiaRestricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id &sch.id) and citizens (biz.id,my.id &web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[36]PANDIYesYesYes
.ieIrelandIrelandIn 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island ofIreland (includingNorthern Ireland).[37][38]YesYesYesYes
.ilIsraelIsraelYesYesYes
.imIsle of ManIsle ofManNoNoYes
.inIndiaIndiaUnderINRegistry since April 2005 (except forgov.in,nic.in,mil.in,ac.in,edu.in,res.in).NIXI[39]Yes[40]YesYesYes
.ioBritish Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)IndianOceanUsed unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful fordomain hacks.NIC.IO (run byInternet Computer Bureau)YesYesYes
.iqIraqIraqNoPartial[M]Yes
.irIranIranIRNICYesNoYes
.isIcelandÍslandAlso unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for exampleit.is,that.is, etc.).ISNICYesYesYes
.itItalyItalyRestricted to companies and individuals in theEuropean Union.Yes[41]Yes[42]YesYes
.jeJerseyJerseyIsland Networks Ltd.YesNoYes
.jmJamaicaJamaicaNoNoNo
.joJordanJordanNoYes
.jpJapanJapanRestricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan.Japan Registry ServicesYesYesYesYes[43]
.keKenyaKenyaNoNo[44]No
.kgKyrgyzstanKyrgyzstanNoYesYes
.khCambodiaKhmerNoNoNo
.kiKiribatiKiribatiNoYesYes
.kmComorosKomoriNoNoYes
.knSaint Kitts and NevisSaintKitts andNevisNoNoYes
.kpNorth KoreaKorea, DemocraticPeople's RepublicRestricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because ofinternet censorship in North Korea.NoNoNoNo
.krSouth KoreaKorea,RepublicYesYesYes
.kwKuwaitKuwaitYesNo
.kyCayman Islands (United Kingdom).ciand.cyalready allocatedNoYesYes
.kzKazakhstanKazakhstanYesNoYes
.laLaosLaosCurrently being marketed as the unofficial domain forLos Angeles.[45]YesYes
.lbLebanonLebanonRestricted to registration with a company inLebanonYesNo
.lcSaint LuciaSaintLuciaYesYes
.liLiechtensteinLiechtensteinAlso unofficially used by entities onLong Island,New York or people with the last nameLi. InRussian,li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural endingli .SWITCHYesYesYes
.lkSri LankaSriLankaYesYesYes
.lrLiberiaLiberiaPartial[M]No
.lsLesothoLesothoNoNo
.ltLithuaniaLithuaniaYesYesYes
.luLuxembourgLuxembourgAlso unofficially used inLucerne,SwitzerlandYesYesYes
.lvLatviaLatviaIMCS ULYesYesYes
.lyLibyaLibyaUsed unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly.YesYes
.maMoroccoMarocPartial[M]Yes
.mcMonacoMonacoOnly for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco.YesYes
.mdMoldovaMoldovaRestricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova.YesYes
.meMontenegroMontenegroAlso unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for examplelove.me,meet.me, etc.).YesYes
.mgMadagascarMadagascarRestricted to registration with a company inMadagascarNIC-MGNoYes
.mhMarshall IslandsMarshallInactiveNo
.mkNorth MacedoniaMakedonijaRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union.NoYes
.mlMaliMaliAlso used as a free domain service to the public.Freenom (for free domains)YesNoYes
.mmMyanmarMyanmarNoNo
.mnMongoliaMongoliaThe second-level domains.gov.mn,.org.mn, and.edu.mn are reserved for special use. See.mn for more information.YesYes
.moMacauMacaoRegistrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.NoYes
.mpNorthern Mariana Islands (United States)MarianasPacificNoYes
.mqMartinique (France)MartiniqueNoNo
.mrMauritaniaMauritaniaYesYes
.msMontserrat (United Kingdom)MontserratAlso unofficially used forMicrosoft-related domains.NoYes
.mtMaltaMaltaNoNo
.muMauritiusMauritiusNoYes
.mvMaldivesMaldivesNoYes
.mwMalawiMalawiNoYes
.mxMexicoMexicoYesYes
.myMalaysiaMalaysiaRestricted to registration by an individual or company inMalaysiaMYNICYes[46]YesYes
.mzMozambiqueMozambiqueNoNo
.naNamibiaNamibiaYesYes
.ncNew Caledonia (France)NewCaledoniaRestricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months.YesYes
.neNigerNigerNoYes
.nfNorfolk IslandNorfolkYesYes
.ngNigeriaNigeriaNoYes
.niNicaraguaNicaraguaNoNo
.nlNetherlandsNetherlandsFirst active country-code domain outside the US.[47]NoYesYesYes
.noNorwayNorwayBusinesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address.NoridYesYesYesYes
.np   NepalNepalAll.np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.NoNo
.nrNauruNauruWas previously used as a free domain service to the public asco.nr.[48]NoYes
.nuNiueNiueCommonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now".The Swedish Internet FoundationYes[49]YesYesYes
.nzNew ZealandNewZealandMāori[50]YesYes[51]Yes
.omOmanOmanRegistrant must have company or trademark registered inOman as well as a local administrative contact.NoNo
.paPanamaPanamaSome use inPennsylvaniaNoNo
.pePeruPeruAlso unofficially used forPrivate Equity-related businesses.YesYesYes
.pfFrench Polynesia (France)PolynésiefrançaiseWithClipperton IslandNoYes
.pgPapua New GuineaPapua NewGuineaNoNo
.phPhilippinesPhilippinesYesYes
.pkPakistanPakistanOperated byPKNIC since 1992NoYes
.plPolandPolandYes[52]YesYes
.pmSaint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)SaintPierre andMiquelonRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union,Switzerland,Norway,Iceland, andLiechtenstein.[K]AFNICYesYes
.pnPitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)PitcairnAs a part of a marketing campaign,Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related toThe Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation ofPanem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn.NoYes
.prPuerto Rico (United States)PuertoRicoYesYes
.psPalestine[53]PalestineJerusalem,West Bank andGaza Strip.NoYes
.ptPortugalPortugalPortugueseYesYesYes[54]
.pwPalauPelewYesYesYesYes[55]
.pyParaguayParaguayNoNo
.qaQatarQatarNoNo
.reRéunion (France)unionRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union,Switzerland,Norway,Iceland, andLiechtenstein.[K]AFNICYes[32]YesYes
.roRomaniaRomaniaYes[56]Yes[57]YesYes[58]
.rsSerbiaRepublikaSrbijaSee also.срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used forRust (programming language)-related domains.YesYesYesYes
.ruRussiaRussiaSee also.su, still in use, and.рф, for IDN.NoYesYesYes
.rwRwandaRwandaRICTANoYes
.saSaudi ArabiaSaudiArabiaRegistrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[59]Arabic[14]Yes[60]YesYes[61]
.sbSolomon IslandsSolomon Islands,BritishYesNo
.scSeychellesSeychellesAlso unofficially used forSnapchat-related domains.YesYes
.sdSudanSudanNoYes
.seSwedenSverigeThe Swedish Internet FoundationYes[N]YesYesYes
.sgSingaporeSingaporeAlso unofficially used in theCanton of St. Gallen,SwitzerlandYesYes
.shSaint HelenaTristan da CunhaSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)SaintHelenaNIC.SH (run byInternet Computer Bureau)Yes[63]YesYes
.siSloveniaSloveniaYes[O]YesYes
.skSlovakiaSlovenskoRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union,Switzerland,Norway,Iceland, andLiechtenstein.[K]YesYesYes
.slSierra LeoneSierraLeoneNoYes
.smSan MarinoSanMarinoDomain name must be same as company name or trademark.NoYes
.snSenegalSenegalRegistration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register.YesYes
.soSomaliaSomaliaRelaunched on 1 November 2010.SONICNoNoYes
.srSurinameSurinameNoYes
.ssSouth SudanSouthSudanYes
.stSão Tomé and PríncipeSãoToméAlso unofficially used inSouth Tyrol (or province ofBozen, see.bz).YesNoYes
.suSoviet UnionSovietUnionStill in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions.Yes[P]YesYesYes[66]
.svEl SalvadorSalvadorNoNo
.sxSint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands).sm,.ma, and.mtalready allocated; airport code isSXMYesNo
.sySyriaSyriaNoYes
.szEswatiniSwazilandRegistration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses.NoNo
.tcTurks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)Turks andCaicosAlso marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC.NoYes
.tdChadTchadAvailable for registration to entities connected with Chad only.NoYes
.tfFrench Southern and Antarctic LandsTerres australes et antarctiquesfrançaisesSeldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video gameTeam Fortress 2.[K]AFNICYes[32]YesYes
.tgTogoTogoNoYes
.thThailandThaiYesYesNo
.tjTajikistanTajikNoYes
.tkTokelauTokelauAlso used as a free domain service to the public.Freenom (for free domains)YesNoYes
.tlEast TimorTimor-LesteOld code.tp has been deactivated since 2015.YesYes
.tmTurkmenistanTurkmenYes[67]YesYes
.tnTunisiaTunisiaCurrently being marketed as the unofficial domain forTamil Nadu[68]YesYesYesYes
.toTongaTongaOften used unofficially forTorrent,Turin (Torino in Italian),Toronto,Tokyo, orTocantins, and also as adomain hack inSlavic languages (to meaningit).YesNoYes
.trTurkeyTurkey.ct.tr and.nc.tr used byNorthern CyprusYes[Q]NoYesYes[R]
.ttTrinidad and TobagoTrinidad andTobagoYesYes
.tvTuvaluTuvaluUsed as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, aVeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company.YesYes
.tw TaiwanTaiwanRegistration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line withISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[71]Yes[S]YesYes
.tzTanzaniaTanzaniaTLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required.TCRAYesNo
.uaUkraineUkrainaHostmaster Ltd.YesYes
.ugUgandaUgandaUganda Online Ltd.YesYes
.ukUnited KingdomUnitedKingdomTheISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom isGB (forGreatBritain).UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates theISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[73]Nominet UKYesYesYes
.usUnited States of AmericaUnitedStatesRegistrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used byU.S. State andlocal governments, see also.gov TLD.Go DaddyYesYes
.uyUruguayUruguay2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[74]YesYes
.uzUzbekistanUzbekistanUzinfocomYesYes
.vaVatican CityVaticanLimited to the official sites of theHoly See (including those of theVatican City State).NoNo
.vcSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesVincentPartial[M]Yes
.veVenezuelaVenezuelaRegistration is at the third level.YesNo
.vgBritish Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)Virgin IslandsNoYes
.viUnited States Virgin Islands (United States)VirginIslandsNoYes
.vnVietnamVietNamYes[75]YesYes
.vuVanuatuVanuatuYesYes
.wfWallis and FutunaWallis andFutunaRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union,Switzerland,Norway,Iceland, andLiechtenstein.[K]AFNICYes[32]YesYes
.wsSamoaWesternSamoaMarketed for use in general WebsitesYesYes[76]Yes
.yeYemenYemenNoNo
.ytMayotteMayotteRestricted to individuals and companies inEuropean Union,Switzerland,Norway,Iceland andLiechtenstein.[K] Also unofficially used forYouTube-related domains.AFNICYes[32]YesYes
.zaSouth AfricaZuid-Afrika.za derives from theDutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language.ZA Domain Name Authority[77][78][79]YesYes
.zmZambiaZambiaNoYes[T]
.zwZimbabweZimbabweNoNo
Table Notes
  1. ^17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[10]
  2. ^Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[11]
  3. ^Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
  4. ^Since March 2004, see[21]
  5. ^IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[22]
  6. ^93 non-ASCII characters, see[23]
  7. ^1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[24]
  8. ^Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[26]
  9. ^Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[28]
  10. ^September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[30]
  11. ^abcdefg(6 December 2011)[31]
  12. ^Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[34]
  13. ^abcdDelegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
  14. ^October 2003, forSwedish characters, summer 2007 also forFinnish,Meänkieli,Romani,Sami, andYiddish; see[62]
  15. ^Since October 2010, see[64]
  16. ^(28 April 2008[update]) see[65]
  17. ^14 November 2006; see[69]
  18. ^21 July 2015; see[70]
  19. ^TraditionalChinese characters: see[72]
  20. ^Restricted toISPs and other undefined entities. See.zm .

Internationalized ccTLDs

[edit]
Internationalized country code top-level domains[80]
DNS nameIDN ccTLDCountry/RegionLanguageScriptTransliterationCommentsOther ccTLDDNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j.الجزائرAlgeriaArabicArabic (Arabic)al-Jazā'ir.dzNo
xn--y9a3aq.հայArmeniaArmenianArmenianhay.amYes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a.البحرينBahrainArabicArabical-BaḥrainNot in use.bhYes
xn--54b7fta0cc.বাংলাBangladeshBengaliBengaliBangla.bdNo
xn--90ais.белBelarusBelarusianCyrillicbel.byYes
xn--90ae.бг[81]BulgariaBulgarianCyrillicbg.bgYes
xn--fiqs8s.中国ChinaChineseChinese (Simplified)Zhōngguó.cnYes
xn--fiqz9s.中國ChinaChineseChinese (Traditional)Zhōngguó.cnYes
xn--wgbh1c.مصرEgyptArabicArabic (Arabic)Miṣr / Maṣr[82].egYes
xn--e1a4c.еюEuropean UnionBulgarianCyrilliceyu.euYes
xn--qxa6a.ευEuropean UnionGreekGreekeyIn use since 2022.euYes
xn--node.გეGeorgiaGeorgianGeorgian (Mkhedruli)GE.geNo
xn--qxam.ελ[81]GreeceGreekGreekelIn use since July 2018.grYes
xn--j6w193g.香港Hong KongChineseChinese (Simplified andTraditional)Hoeng1 gong2 /Xiānggǎng.hkYes
xn--h2brj9c.भारतIndiaHindiDevanagariBhāratBecame available 27 August 2014[83].inYes
xn--mgbbh1a71e.بھارتIndiaUrduArabic (Urdu)BhāratBecame available 2017.inYes
xn--fpcrj9c3d.భారత్IndiaTeluguTeluguBhāratBecame available 2017.inYes
xn--gecrj9c.ભારતIndiaGujaratiGujaratiBhāratBecame available 2017.inYes
xn--s9brj9c.ਭਾਰਤIndiaPunjabiGurmukhīBhāratBecame available 2017.inYes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h.இந்தியாIndiaTamilTamilIntiyāBecame available 2015.inYes
xn--45brj9c.ভারতIndiaBengaliBengaliBharôtBecame available 2017.inYes
xn--2scrj9c.ಭಾರತIndiaKannadaKannadaBhārataBecame available 2020.inYes
xn--rvc1e0am3e.ഭാരതംIndiaMalayalamMalayalamBhāratamBecame available 2020.inYes
xn--45br5cyl.ভাৰতIndiaAssameseBengaliBharatamBecame available 2022.inYes
xn--3hcrj9c.ଭାରତIndiaOriyaOriyaBhāratBecame available 2021.inYes
xn--mgbbh1a.بارتIndiaKashmiriArabic (Kashmiri)BāratBecame available 2022.inYes
xn--h2breg3eve.भारतम्IndiaSanskritDevanagariBhāratamBecame available 2022.inYes
xn--h2brj9c8c.भारोतIndiaSantaliDevanagariBharotBecame available 2022.inYes
xn--mgbgu82a.ڀارتIndiaSindhiArabic (Sindhi)BhāratBecame available 2022.inYes
xn--mgba3a4f16a.ایرانIranPersianArabic (Persian)Īrān.irNo
xn--mgbtx2b.عراقIraqArabicArabic (Arabic)ʿIrāqNot in use.iqNo
xn--4dbrk0ce.ישראלIsraelHebrewHebrewIsraelBecame available 2022.ilYes
xn--mgbayh7gpa.الاردنJordanArabicArabic (Arabic)al-Urdun.joNo
xn--80ao21a.қазKazakhstanKazakhCyrillic (Kazakh)qaz.kzNo
xn--q7ce6a.ລາວLaosLaoLaoLaoBecame available 2020.laYes
xn--mix082f.澳门MacaoChineseChinese (Simplified)Ou3 mun4 /ÀoménNot in use.moNo
xn--mix891f.澳門MacaoChineseChinese (Traditional)Ou3 mun4 /ÀoménBecame available 2020.moNo
xn--mgbx4cd0ab.مليسياMalaysiaMalayArabic (Jawi)Malaysīyā.myYes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd.موريتانياMauritaniaArabicArabic (Arabic)Mūrītāniyā.mrYes
xn--l1acc.монMongoliaMongolianCyrillic (Mongolian)mon.mnYes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg.المغربMoroccoArabicArabic (Arabic)al-Maġrib.maNo
xn--d1alf.мкдNorth MacedoniaMacedonianCyrillic (Macedonian)mkd.mkNo
xn--mgb9awbf.عمانOmanArabicArabic (Arabic)ʿUmān.omNo
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j.پاکستانPakistanUrduArabic (Urdu)Pākistān.pkYes
xn--ygbi2ammx.فلسطينPalestinian AuthorityArabicArabic (Arabic)Filasṭīn.psNo
xn--wgbl6a.قطرQatarArabicArabic (Arabic)Qaṭar.qaNo
xn--p1ai.рфRussiaRussianCyrillic (Russian)rf.ruYes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar.السعوديةSaudi ArabiaArabicArabic (Arabic)as-Suʿūdīya.saYes
xn--90a3ac.србSerbiaSerbianCyrillic (Serbian)srb.rsYes
xn--yfro4i67o.新加坡SingaporeChineseChinese (Simplified andTraditional)Xīnjiāpō.sgYes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd.சிங்கப்பூர்SingaporeTamilTamilCinkappūr.sgYes
xn--3e0b707e.한국South KoreaKoreanHangulHan-guk.krYes
xn--fzc2c9e2c.ලංකාSri LankaSinhalaSinhalaLanka.lkNo
xn--xkc2al3hye2a.இலங்கைSri LankaTamilTamilIlaṅkai.lkNo
xn--mgbpl2fh.سودانSudanArabicArabic (Arabic)Sūdān.sdNo
xn--ogbpf8fl.سوريةSyriaArabicArabic (Arabic)Sūriyya.syNo
xn--kprw13d.台湾TaiwanChineseChinese (Simplified)Táiwān.twYes
xn--kpry57d.台灣TaiwanChineseChinese (Traditional)Táiwān.twYes
xn--o3cw4h.ไทยThailandThaiThaiThai.thYes
xn--pgbs0dh.تونسTunisiaArabicArabic (Arabic)Tūnis.tnYes
xn--j1amh.укрUkraineUkrainianCyrillic (Ukrainian)ukr.uaNo
xn--mgbaam7a8h.اماراتUnited Arab EmiratesArabicArabic (Arabic)Imārāt.aeNo
xn--mgb2ddes.اليمنYemenArabicArabic (Arabic)al-YamanNot delegated.yeNo
Table notes

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

[edit]
Main article:Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalised domain names have been proposed forJapan andLibya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

[edit]

The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.

— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[84]

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

[edit]

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependencyBouvet Island (bv) and the designationSvalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it isNorid policy to not assign any at present. TwoFrench territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) andmf (Saint Martin)—still[update] await local assignment by France's government.

The codeeh, although eligible as ccTLD forWestern Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist inDNS. Only one subdomain is still registered ingb[85] (ISO 3166-1 for theUnited Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below).

The former.um ccTLD for theU.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules,.um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

[edit]

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

  • uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, theJANET network had already selecteduk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existingName Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root.gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use ofuk is now entrenched.[86]
  • su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for theSoviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, newsu registrations are accepted.
  • ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige ofIANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in theISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by theUniversal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs,gg (Guernsey),im (Isle of Man) andje (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
  • eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000,ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in theISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but aregistry (namedEURid) was chosen by theEuropean Commission, and criteria for allocation set:ICANN approvedeu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

[edit]

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1:cs (forCzechoslovakia),zr (forZaire) andtp (forEast Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but thezr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLDsu remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codesdd for theGerman Democratic Republic andyd forSouth Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see alsode andye.

The temporary reassignment of country codecs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split intors andme (Serbia andMontenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[87][88] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used inlanguage tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code forYugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but theyu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbianrs and Montenegrinme, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned theoz country code, which was later changed toau with the.oz domains moved to.oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

[edit]

Aninternationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as aweb browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabeticwriting system, such asLatin script (.us, .uk and .br),Indic script (.भारत) andKorean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of theinternationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including theUnited Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[89] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[90]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoidIDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

Generic ccTLDs

[edit]

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain orgccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[91][92][93] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used asdomain hacks:

gccTLDCountry/RegionDomain hacks
.acAscension Island
.adAndorraadvertising
.agAntigua and BarbudaAktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.aiAnguillaArtificial intelligence
.amArmenia
.asAmerican Samoa
.azAzerbaijanArizona
.bzBelize
.ccCocos (Keeling) Islands
.cdCongoCompact disc
.coColombia
.cuCubasee you
.cvCape Verdecurriculum vitae
.djDjiboutiDisc jockey
.fmFederated States of Micronesia
.gaGabonGeorgia
.ggBailiwick of Guernsey
.ioBritish Indian Ocean Territory
.isIcelandit.is,that.is, etc.
.itItalyInformation technology
.kgKyrgyzstanKeygen
.laLaos
.lyLibyawords ending in -ly
.mdMoldova
.meMontenegro
.msMontserrat
.nuNiue
  • new
  • now
  • nude
.pePeruPrivate Equity
.pnPitcairnPhone number
.pwPalauPwned (leet speak)
.reRéunionReverse engineering
.rsSerbiaRust
.scSeychelles
.shSaint HelenaShell
.skSlovakiaSaskatchewan
.sxSint Maartensex
.tfFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands
.tkTokelau
.tmTurkmenistanTrademark
.toTongalink-to
.tvTuvalutelevision and broadcasts
.wsWestern Samoa
  • website
  • websocket
  • world site
  • west
.ytMayotteYouTube

Unconventional usage

[edit]
Main article:Vanity URL
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Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in variousdomain hacks. Domain names such asI.am,tip.it,start.at andgo.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine thesecond-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such asblo.gs ofSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs),youtu.be ofBelgium (be),del.icio.us of theUnited States (us), andcr.yp.to ofTonga (to). The.co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation forcompany.[94]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation ofemoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used fortyposquatting. The domaincm ofCameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the lettero for sites in thecom.[95]

Commercial use

[edit]

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like.tk.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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