Counter-insurgency aircraft orCOIN aircraft are a specialized variety of military lightattack aircraft, armed withaircraft artillery and/or portablerockets and designed forcounter-insurgency operations,[1] armedreconnaissance,air escort of ground forces, andground support against "low-intensity engagements"; usuallyirregulargroups ofinsurgents.
Some of the roles carried out by counter-insurgency aircraft include:
For an aircraft—whether fixed-wing or rotary—to effectively carry out all these roles, it should have specification characteristics such as lowloitering speed, longendurance, simplicity in maintenance, and the capability to performshort orvertical take-offs and landings from makeshift and roughly constructed runways.
The first use of counter-insurgency aircraft was in the 1920s and 1930s during some of thecolonial wars, in nations likeEthiopia andIraq. The benefits offered by even a single aircraft in tasks such as reconnaissance or strafing small groups of individuals proved immeasurable.
As the British found in Iraq in the 1920s and from some encounters within the frontiers ofPashtunistan, aircraft stripped away many of the advantages that traditional insurgents had held. It also offered a way of inflicting direct and cost-effective retaliation on the communities that supported the guerrilla. Britain was the first to useCounter-Insurgency (COIN) aircraft as one ofRoyal Air Force missions was policing British Empire by air. This solution was cheaper and quicker than using British Army troops to deal with trouble spots.
No special plane was developed. Regular military aircraft were used. It was not unusual for many air forces to field dual role planes: bomber and transport.
The British Empire faced guerrillas in Africa, Malaya and the Middle East. Royal Air Force had a wide range of capable aircraft available to be used, making the development of new COIN aircraft types unnecessary. Interest in the export market did result in a few COIN aircraft like theStrikemaster.
By the late 1950s, French air operations in theAlgerian War was decidedly counter-insurgent in nature, with helicopters such as thePiasecki H-21 being used not only to carry infantry, but alsomachine guns and rocket launchers on anad hoc basis, to reachFLN guerilla positions on otherwise inaccessible mountain ridges and peaks. France createdPotez 75 ground support and counter-insurgency aircraft. It proved its worth in a combat evaluation in Algerian War and Potez received orders for 100 from the French Army, but the Potez 75 didn't survive budget cuts.[3]
In the early 1960s, it was clear enough for US planners a plane would be needed for guerrilla wars in Asia or Africa. As a consequence the U.S. Army tested an armed version of the T-37 Tweet, the A4D-2N Skyhawk and Fiat G.91. The tests were good but the Army was prohibited from operating fixed-wing aircraft in combat.As late as theVietnam War, counter-insurgency missions were flown by existing aeroplanes and helicopters, sometimes hastily adapted for the role, notable examples being theNorth American T-28 Trojan andDouglas A-1 Skyraider. Eventually, as the US budget allowed it, dedicated specialized counter-insurgency aircraft began to be produced for Vietnam war. Other countries adapted existing training planes to COIN and light attack. Examples including:
A new approach of COIN were the gunships created by the US. A gunship is an aircraft havinglaterally-mounted[5] heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.[6] These gunships were configured to circle the target instead of performingstrafing runs. Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing apylon turn (banking turn).[5][6]
In theVietnam War,[5] the oldDouglas C-47 Skytrain transport was successfully modified by theUnited States Air Force with side-firingMiniguns for circling attacks. It was the later and largerLockheed AC-130 that became a notable gunship in US military aviation. These heavily armed aircraft used a variety of weapon systems, including 7.62 mm GAU-2/A Miniguns, 20 mm (0.787 in)M61 Vulcan six-barrelrotary cannons, 25 mm (0.984 in)GAU-12/U Equalizer five-barreled rotary cannons, 30 mmMk44 Bushmaster IIchain guns,40 mm (1.58 in) L/60 Bofors autocannons, and 105 mm (4.13 in)M102 howitzers. TheDouglas AC-47 Spooky, theFairchild AC-119,[7] and the AC-130 Spectre/Spooky,[8] were vulnerable, and meant to operate only after achievingair superiority.[5] Smaller gunship designs such as theFairchild AU-23 Peacemaker and theHelio AU-24 Stallion were also designed by the United States during the Vietnam War. These aircraft were meant to be cheap and easy to fly and maintain, and were to be given to friendly governments in Southeast Asia to assist with counter-insurgency operations, eventually seeing service with theKhmer National Air Force,Royal Thai Air Force, andRepublic of Vietnam Air Force as well as limited use by the United States Air Force.