One of Dracula's most famous powers is his ability to turn others into vampires by biting them and infecting them with the vampiric disease. Other characteristics have been added or altered in subsequentpopular fictional works, including books, films, cartoons, and video games.
Bram Stoker's novel takes the form of anepistolary tale, in which Count Dracula's characteristics, powers, abilities, and weaknesses are narrated bymultiple narrators, from different perspectives.[18]
Count Dracula is anundead, centuries-old vampire, and aTransylvanian nobleman who claims to be aSzékely descended fromAttila the Hun.[19] He inhabits a decayingcastle in theCarpathian Mountains near theBorgo Pass. Unlike the vampires ofEastern European folklore, which are portrayed as repulsive, corpse-like creatures, Dracula is handsome and charismatic, with a veneer of aristocratic charm, as well as educated, reading and speaking fluently English, of which he was a non native speaker, as well as German.[20] In his conversations withJonathan Harker, he reveals himself as deeply proud of hisboyar heritage and nostalgic for the past, which he admits has become only a memory of heroism, honour, and valour in modern times. The character of Count Dracula created by Stoker has become one of the best-known fictional figures of theVictorian era.[17]
Details of his early life are undisclosed, but it is mentioned that
he was in life a most wonderful man. Soldier, statesman, andalchemist. Which latter was the highest development of the scientific knowledge of his time. He had a mighty brain, a learning beyond compare, and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay.[21]
Dracula studied theblack arts at the academy ofScholomance in the Carpathian Mountains, overlooking the town ofSibiu (also known as Hermannstadt) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy andmagic.[22] Taking up arms, as befitting his rank and status as avoivode, he led troops against theTurks across theDanube. His nemesisAbraham Van Helsing speculates that he andVlad the Impaler may be one and the same: "He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name againstthe Turk, over the great river on the very frontier ofTurkey-land. If it be so, then was he no common man: for in that time, and for centuries after, he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of theland beyond the forest."[23] Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle withthree terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him.[24]
"Dracula's Guest", published in Stoker's posthumous collectionDracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories, was written at the same time asDracula, either as an episode in early drafts of the novel or a standalone story. The narrative follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders aroundMunich before leaving for Transylvania. It isWalpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel, in spite of the coachman's warnings, and wanders through a dense forest alone. Along the way, he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger. The story climaxes in an old graveyard, where the Englishman encounters a sleeping female vampire called Countess Dolingen in a marble tomb with a large iron stake driven into it. This malevolent beautiful vampire awakens from her marblebier to conjure a snowstorm before being struck by lightning and returning to her eternal prison. The Englishman's troubles are not quite over, as he is dragged away by an unseen force and rendered unconscious. He awakens to find a gigantic wolf lying on his chest and licking his throat. It keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives. When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel, a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula, with a warning about "dangers from snow and wolves and night".
InDracula, the eponymous vampire has decided to move from Transylvania toLondon. He summons Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English solicitor, to his castle to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker's employer. In truth, Dracula wishes to keep Harker alive long enough to complete the legal transaction and to learn as much as possible about England. He at first charms Harker with his cordiality and historical knowledge, and even rescues him from the clutches of the three female vampires in the castle. Harker realizes that his host is a vampire after finding him during the day in a deathlike sleep in one of 50 boxes of Transylvanian soil hidden in a secret passage beyond his bedroom, and later finding him in his bedroom again with a partially rejuvenated appearance and blood dripping from the corners of his mouth.
Ruins ofWhitby Abbey inWhitby which features in the novel. As a creature resembling a large dog which came ashore at the Whitby headland, Count Dracula runs up the199 steps to the graveyard ofSt Mary's Church in the shadow of the abbey ruins.
Dracula leaves his castle and boards aRussian ship, theDemeter, taking along with him the boxes, which he needs to regain his strength and rest during daylight. During the voyage toWhitby, a coastal town in northern England, he sustains himself on the ship's crew members. Only one body is later found, that of the captain, who is found tied up to the ship's helm. Thecaptain's log is recovered and tells of strange events that had taken place during the ship's journey. Dracula leaves the ship in the form of a dog and runs up the199 steps to the graveyard ofSt Mary's Church in the shadow of theWhitby Abbey ruins.
Soon, the Count begins menacing Harker's fiancée,Wilhelmina "Mina" Murray, and her friend,Lucy Westenra. There is also a notable link between Dracula andRenfield, a patient in aninsane asylum overseen byJohn Seward, who is compelled to consume spiders, birds, and other creatures—in ascending order of size—to absorb their "life force". Renfield acts as a kind of sensor, reacting to Dracula's proximity and supplying clues accordingly. Dracula visits Lucy's bed chamber nightly to drain her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse ofvampirism. Not knowing the cause for Lucy's deterioration, her three suitors – Seward,Arthur Holmwood andQuincey Morris – call upon Seward's mentor, the Dutch doctorAbraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition'ssupernatural origins, and tries to keep the vampire at bay with garlic. Nevertheless, Dracula attacks Lucy's house one final time, killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of theundead.
Harker escapes Dracula's castle and returns to England, barely alive and deeply traumatized. On Seward's suggestion, Mina seeks Van Helsing's assistance in assessing Harker's health. She reads his journal and passes it along to Van Helsing. This unfolds the first clue to the identity of Lucy's assailant, which later prompts Mina to collect all of the events of Dracula's appearance in news articles, saved letters, newspaper clippings and the journals of each member of the group. This assists the group in investigating Dracula's movements and later discovering that Renfield's behaviour is directly influenced by Dracula. They then discover that Dracula has purchased a residence next door to Seward's. The group gathers intelligence to track down Dracula and destroy him.
After the undead Lucy attacks several children, Van Helsing, Seward, Holmwood and Morris enter her crypt and destroy her to save her soul. Later, Harker joins them, and the party works to discover Dracula's intentions. Harker aids the party in tracking down the locations of the boxes to the various residences of Dracula and discovers that Dracula purchased multiple real estate properties throughout London[25] under the alias 'Count De Ville'.[26] Dracula's main plan was to move each of his 50 boxes of earth to his various properties in order to arrange multiple lairs throughout and around the perimeter of London.[25]
The party pries open each of the graves, placessacramental wafers within each of them, and seals them shut. This deprives Dracula of his ability to seek safety in those boxes.[27] Dracula gains entry into Seward's residence by coercing an invitation out of Renfield. As he attempts to enter the room in which Harker and Mina are staying, Renfield tries to stop him; Dracula then mortally wounds him. With his dying breath, Renfield tells Seward and Van Helsing that Dracula is after Mina. Van Helsing and Seward discover Dracula biting Mina and forcing her to drink his blood. The group repels Dracula usingcrucifixes and sacramental bread, forcing him to flee by turning into a dark vapour. The party continues to hunt Dracula to search for his remaining lairs.[28] Although Dracula's 'baptism' of Mina grants him atelepathic link to her, it backfires when Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina and uses her supernatural link with Dracula to track him as he flees back to Transylvania.
The heroes follow Dracula back to Transylvania, and in a climactic battle with Dracula'sRomani bodyguards, finally destroy him. Despite the popular image of Dracula having a stake driven through his heart to kill him, Mina's narrative describes hisdecapitation by Harker'skukri while Morris simultaneously pierces his heart with aBowie knife (Mina Harker's Journal, 6 November,Dracula Chapter 27). His body then turns into dust, but not before Mina sees an expression of peace on his face.
"Listen to them—the children of the night. What music they make!".
— Count Dracula to Jonathan Harker, referring to the howling of the wolves.Dracula, Chapter 2.[29]
Although early in the novel Dracula dons a mask of cordiality, he often flies into fits of rage when his plans are frustrated. When Dracula's brides attempt to seduce Jonathan Harker, Dracula physically assaults one and ferociously berates them for their insubordination.
Dracula has an appreciation for ancient architecture and prefers purchasing old houses, saying "a new home would kill me" and that it takes a century to make one habitable.[30]
Dracula is very proud of his warrior heritage, proclaiming his pride to Harker on how the Székely people are infused with the blood of heroes. He also expresses an interest in thehistory of the British Empire, speaking admiringly of its people. He has a somewhat primal and predatory worldview, pities ordinary humans for their revulsion to their darker impulses, feels human emotions and often says that he can love.[31]
Though usually portrayed as having a strong Eastern European accent, the original novel only specifies that his spoken English is excellent, though strangely toned.
His appearance varies in age. He is described early in the novel as thin, with a long white moustache, pointed ears and sharp teeth.[32] It is also noted later in the novel (Chapter 11 subsection "The Escaped Wolf") by a zookeeper who sees him that he has a hooked nose and a pointed beard with a streak of white in it. He is dressed all in black and has hair on his palms. Harker describes him as an old man with "cruel looking" red eyes, giving an effect of "extraordinary pallor".[32]
I saw... Count Dracula... with red light of triumph in his eyes, and with a smile thatJudas inhell might be proud of.
As the novel progresses, Dracula is described as taking on an increasingly youthful appearance with a healthier skin color, darker hair, and a more robust and vigorous physique. After Harker strikes him with a shovel, he is left with a scar on his forehead which he bears throughout the course of the novel.
Dracula also possesses great wealth, and hasRomani people in his homeland who are loyal to him as servants and protectors.
Count Dracula is portrayed in the novel using many differentsupernatural abilities, and is believed to have gained his abilities through dealings withthe devil. Chapter 18 of the novel describes many of the abilities, limitations and weaknesses of vampires and Dracula in particular. Dracula has superhuman strength which, according to Van Helsing, is equivalent to that of 20 strong men. He does not cast a shadow or have a reflection from mirrors. He is immune to conventional means of attack; a sailor tries to stab him in the back with a knife, but the blade goes through his body as though it is air.[33] He can defygravity to a certain extent and possesses superhuman agility, able to climb vertical surfaces upside down in a reptilian manner. He can travel onto unhallowed ground, such as the graves of suicides and those of his victims. He has powerfulhypnotic,telepathic andillusionary abilities. He also has the ability to "within limitations"vanish and reappear elsewhere at will. If he knows the path, he can come out from anything or into anything regardless of how close it is bound or even if it is soldered shut.[34]
Dracula has amassed cunning and wisdom throughout centuries and is unable to die ofsenescence.[34] He can command animals such as rats, owls, bats, moths, foxes and wolves. His control is limited, as seen when the party first enters his house in London. He summons thousands of rats to swarm and attack the group and Holmwood summons his trio of terriers to battle them. The dogs prove very efficient rat killers. Terrified by their onslaught, the rats flee of their own volition.[35]
Dracula can also manipulate the weather and, within his range, is able to direct the elements, such as storms, fog and mist.[34]
Dracula canchange form at will, able to grow and become small, his featured forms in the novel being that of a bat, a large wolf and a fog or mist. When the moonlight is shining, he can travel as elemental dust within its rays. He is able to pass through tiny cracks or crevices while retaining his human form or in the form of a vapour; described by Van Helsing as the ability to slip through a hairbreadth space of a tomb door or coffin. This is also an ability used by his victim Lucy as a vampire. When the party breaks into her tomb, they open the sealed coffin to find her corpse is no longer located within.[36]
One of Dracula's powers is the ability to turn others into vampires by biting them. According to Van Helsing:
When they become such, there comes with the change the curse of immortality; they cannot die, but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world. For all that die from the preying of the Undead become themselves Undead, and prey on their kind. And so the circle goes on ever widening, like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water. Friend Arthur, if you had met that kiss which you know of before poor Lucy die, or again, last night when you open your arms to her, you would in time, when you had died, have become nosferatu, as they call it in Eastern Europe, and would for all time make more of those Un-Deads that so have filled us with horror.
The vampire bite itself does not cause death. It is the method vampires use to drain blood of the victim and to increase their influence over them. This is described by Van Helsing:
Thenosferatu do not die like the bee when he sting once. He is only stronger, and being stronger, have yet more power to work evil.
— Dr. Seward's journal,Dracula, Chapter 18
Victims who are bitten by a vampire and do not die, are hypnotically influenced by them:
Those children whose blood she suck are not yet so much worse; but if she live on, Un-Dead, more and more lose their blood and by her power over them they come to her.
Van Helsing later describes the aftermath of a bitten victim when the vampire has been killed:
But if she die in truth, then all cease; the tiny wounds of the throats disappear, and they go back to their plays unknowing of whatever has been.
— Mina Harker's journal,Dracula, Chapter 18
As Dracula slowly drains Lucy's blood, she dies from acute blood loss and later transforms into a vampire, despite the efforts of Seward and Van Helsing to provide her withblood transfusions.[37]
He is aided by powers ofnecromancy anddivination of the dead, that all who die by his hand may reanimate and do his bidding.[34]
Dracula requires no other sustenance but fresh human blood, which has the effect of rejuvenating him and allowing him to grow younger. His power is drawn from the blood of others, and he cannot survive without it.[34][38] Although drinking blood can rejuvenate his youth and strength, it does not give him the ability to regenerate; months after being struck on the head by a shovel, he still bears a scar from the impact.[39]
Dracula's preferred victims are women.[40] Harker states that he believes Dracula has a state of fasting as well as a state of feeding.[41] He tells Mina exerting his abilities raises a desire to feed.[42]
Count Dracula is depicted as the "King Vampire", and can control other vampires. To punish Mina and the party for their efforts against him, Dracula bites her on at least three occasions. He also forces her to drink his blood; this act curses her with the effects of vampirism and gives him a telepathic link to her thoughts.[43] Hypnotism only works before dawn.[44] Van Helsing refers to the act of drinking blood by both the vampire and the victim "the Vampire's Baptism of Blood".[45]
you, their best beloved one, are now to me, flesh of my flesh, blood of my blood, kin of my kin, my bountiful wine-press for a while, and shall be later on my companion and my helper. You shall be avenged in turn, for not one of them but shall minister to your needs. But as yet you are to be punished for what you have done. You have aided in thwarting me. Now you shall come to my call. When my brain says 'Come!' to you, you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding.[46]
The effects changes Mina physically and mentally over time. A few moments after Dracula attacks her, Van Helsing takes a wafer of sacramental bread and places it on her forehead to bless her; when the bread touches her skin, it burns her and leaves a scar on her forehead. Her teeth start growing longer but do not grow sharper. She begins to lose her appetite, feeling repulsed by normal food,[47] begins to sleep more and more during the day; cannot wake unless at sunset and stops writing in her diary. When Van Helsing later crumbles the same bread in a circle around her, she is unable to cross or leave the circle, discovering a new form of protection.[48]
Dracula's death would release the curse on any living transformed vampire. Van Helsing reveals that even were he to escape, his continued existence would ensure whether or not he victimized Mina further, she would become a vampire upon her eventual natural death.
Dracula is much less powerful in daylight and is only able to shift his form at dawn, noon, and dusk (he can shift his form freely at night or if he is at his grave). The sun is not fatal to him, as sunlight does not burn and destroy him upon contact, though most of his abilities cease.
The sun that rose on our sorrow this morning guards us in its course. Until it sets to-night, that monster must retain whatever form he now has. He is confined within the limitations of his earthly envelope. He cannot melt into thin air nor disappear through cracks or chinks or crannies. If he goes through a doorway, he must open the door like a mortal.
— Jonathan Harker's journal,Dracula, Chapter 22
His power ceases, as does that of all evil things, at the coming of the day. Only at certain times can he have limited freedom. If he be not at the place whither he is bound, he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset.
— Mina Harker's journal,Dracula, Chapter 18
Later interpretations of the character, and vampires in general, would amplify this trait into an outright fatal weakness, making it so that even the first rays of sunrise are capable of reducing a vampire to ash.[49]
He is also limited in his ability to travel, as he can only cross running water at low or high tide. Owing to this, he is unable to fly across a river in the form of a bat or mist or even by himself board a boat or step off a boat onto a dock unless he is physically carried over with assistance. He is also unable to enter a place unless invited to do so by someone of the household, even a visitor; once invited, he can enter and leave the premises at will.[34]
Dracula is commonly depicted with abloodlust which he is seemingly unable to control. Adaptations sometimes call this uncontrollable state 'the thirst'.
There are items which afflict him to the point he has no power and can even calm him from his insatiable appetite for blood. He is repulsed bygarlic, as well as sacred items and symbols such ascrucifixes andsacramental bread.
...at the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little, and the blood was trickling over my chin. I laid down the razor, turning as I did so half round to look for some sticking plaster. When the Count saw my face, his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury, and he suddenly made a grab at my throat. I drew away and his hand touched the string of beads which held the crucifix. It made an instant change in him, for the fury passed so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there.
— Jonathan Harker's journal,Dracula, Chapter 2
Placing the branch of awild rose upon the top of his coffin will render him unable to escape it; a sacred bullet fired into the coffin could kill him so that he remain true-dead.[34]
Mountain-ash is also described as a form of protection from a vampire, although the effects are unknown.[50] This was believed to be used as protection against evil spirits and witches during theVictorian era.
The state of rest to which vampires are prone during the day is described in the novel as a deathlike sleep in which the vampire sleeps open-eyed, is unable to awaken or move, and also may be unaware of any presence of individuals who may be trespassing. Dracula is portrayed as being active in daylight at least once to pursue a victim. Dracula also purchases many properties throughout London 'over the counter' which shows that he does have the ability to have some type of presence in daylight.
on a pile of newly dug earth, lay the Count! He was either dead or asleep. I could not say which, for eyes were open and stony, but without the glassiness of death, and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all their pallor. The lips were as red as ever. But there was no sign of movement, no pulse, no breath, no beating of the heart. I bent over him, and tried to find any sign of life, but in vain... I thought he might have the keys on him, but when I went to search I saw the dead eyes, and in them dead though they were, such a look of hate, though unconscious of me or my presence, that I fled from the place, and leaving the Count's room by the window.[51]
He requires Transylvanian soil to be nearby to him in a foreign land or to be entombed within his coffin within Transylvania in order to successfully rest; otherwise, he will be unable to recover his strength. This has forced him to transport many boxes of Transylvanian earth to each of his residences in London. He is most powerful when he is within his Earth-Home, Coffin-Home, Hell-Home, or any place unhallowed.[34][52]
Further, if Dracula or any vampire has had their fill in blood upon feeding, they will be caused to rest in this dead state even longer than usual.[53]
While universally feared by the local people of Transylvania and even beyond, Dracula commands the loyalty of the Romani people, as well as a band of Slovaks who transport his boxes on their way to London and to serve as an armed convoy bringing his coffin back to his castle. The Slovaks and Romani appear to know his true nature, for they laugh at Harker when he tries to communicate his plight, and betray Harker's attempt to send a letter through them by giving it to the Count.
Dracula seems to be able to hold influence over people with mental disorders, such as Renfield, who is never bitten but who worships Dracula, referring to him over the course of the novel as "Master" and "Lord". Dracula also afflicts Lucy with chronic sleepwalking, putting her into a trance-like state that allows them not only to submit to his will but also seek him and satisfy his need to feed.
Dracula's powers and weaknesses vary greatly in the many adaptations. Previous and subsequent vampires from different legends have had similar vampire characteristics.
The character is closely associated with the western culturalarchetype of the vampire, and remains a popularHalloween costume.
Count Dracula appears inMad Monster Party? voiced byAllen Swift. This version is shown to be wearing a monocle. Count Dracula is among the monsters that Baron Boris von Frankenstein invites to the Isle of Evil to show off the secret of total destruction and announce his retirement from the Worldwide Organization of Monsters.
Sesame Street characterCount von Count is based on Bela Lugosi's interpretation of Count Dracula and Jack Davis' design for Dracula fromMad Monster Party?.
Count Dracula appears inMad Mad Mad Monsters (a "prequel of sorts" toMad Monster Party?) voiced again by Allen Swift. He and his son are invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding ofFrankenstein's monster and itsmate at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel.
Dracula is the primary antagonist of theCastlevania video game series and the first two seasons of theCastlevania animatedNetflix series. He also appears as Gabriel Belmont, the main protagonist of theLords of Shadow reboot video game series.
Count Dracula appears in theAttack of the Killer Tomatoes episode "Spatula, Prinze of Dorkness", voiced byS. Scott Bullock. He relates a tale of how he once gave Dr. Putrid T. Gangreen a serum to transform tomatoes into vampire tomatoes. Though the doctor refused, Zoltan overheard their conversation and, mistaking the word serum for syrup, ingests the serum himself and renaming himself "Spatula, Prinze of Dorkness" who can turn people into vampires by kissing them in the neck (a stipulation that the Censor Lady put into place in fear of showing the biting and bloodshed associated with vampires on a Saturday morning cartoon). This spread to the other tomatoes and the entire town. When the Sun came up and disabled the vampires, Count Dracula in sunblock appears and deemed that the town is not worthy to be vampires. He then gives Chad Finletter the antidote to the vampirism and advises that the tomatoes be squashed immediately.
Dracula appears as the lead character ofDracula the Un-dead, a novel by Stoker's great-grand nephewDacre presented as a sequel to the original.
In theSupernatural episode "Monster Movie", a shapeshifter that Sam and Dean Winchester fight considers his form of Count Dracula (portrayed byTodd Stashwick) his favorite form. It is in this form that Jamie killed him with Sam's gun loaded with silver bullets.
Count Dracula is the main character of theHotel Transylvania franchise, voiced byAdam Sandler in the first three movies and by Brian Hull in the fourth movie.
Dracula, going by an inversion of his name, "Alucard", serves as the main character of the anime and manga seriesHellsing andHellsing Ultimate, where he serves Integra Hellsing, Abraham's great-granddaughter, as an anti-vampire warrior devoted to the British Crown.
Already in 1958, Cecil Kirtly proposed that Count Dracula shared his personal past with the historicalTransylvanian-born VoivodeVlad III Dracula ofWallachia, also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Țepeș. Following the publication ofIn Search of Dracula byRadu Florescu andRaymond McNally in 1972, this supposed connection attracted much popular attention. This work argued that Bram Stoker based his Dracula on Vlad the Impaler.[60]
Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading onRomanian history, and chose this to replace the name (Count Wampyr) that he had originally intended to use for his villain. Some Dracula scholars, led byElizabeth Miller, have questioned the depth of this connection as early as 1998. They argue that Stoker in fact knew little of the historic Vlad III, "Vlad the Impaler", and that he used only the name "Dracula" and some miscellaneous scraps of Romanian history.[62] Also, there are no comments about Vlad III in the author's working notes.[63]
Shakespearean actor and friend of Stoker's SirHenry Irving is widely considered to be a real-life inspiration for the character of Dracula.
Stoker was the personal assistant of actor SirHenry Irving and the business manager of theWest End'sLyceum Theatre, which Irving owned.[64] Stoker saw Irving perform at the Lyceum, and Dracula's mesmeric qualities are seen as a dark, gothic caricature of Irving's charismatic on-stage persona, with the actor displaying a gloomy, chilling intensity and having a powerful hold over his audience. In 2002 historianLouis S. Warren writes:
There is virtual unanimity on the point that the figure of Dracula—which Stoker began to write notes for in 1890—was inspired by Henry Irving himself. … Stoker's numerous descriptions of Irving correspond so closely to his rendering of the fictional count that contemporaries commented on the resemblance. … But Bram Stoker also internalized the fear and animosity his employer inspired in him, making them the foundations of his gothic fiction.[16]
While having a conversation with Jonathan Harker in Chapter 3, Dracula refers to his own background, and these speeches show elements which Stoker directly copied fromAn Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia: With Various Political Observations Relating to Them byWilliam Wilkinson.[65] Stoker mentions the Voivode of the Dracula race who fought against the Turks after the defeat in theBattle of Kosovo, and was later betrayed by his brother, historical facts which unequivocally point to Vlad III, described as "Voïvode Dracula" by Wilkinson:
Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground? This was a Dracula indeed! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother, when he had fallen, sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame ofslavery on them! Was it not this Dracula, indeed, who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey-land; who, when he was beaten back, came again, and again, though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered, since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph! (Chapter 3, pp. 19)
The Count's intended identity is later commented by Professor Van Helsing, referring to a letter from his friend Arminius:
He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey-land. (Chapter 18, pp. 145)
This indeed encourages the reader to identify the Count with the Voivode Dracula first mentioned by him in Chapter 3, the one betrayed by his brother: Vlad III Dracula, betrayed by his brotherRadu the Handsome, who had chosen the side of the Turks. But as noted by the Dutch author Hans Corneel de Roos, in Chapter 25, Van Helsing and Mina drop this rudimentary connection to Vlad III and instead describe the Count's personal past as that of "that other of his race" who lived "in a later age". By smoothly exchanging Vlad III for a nameless double, Stoker avoided his main character being unambiguously linked to a historical person traceable in any history book.
Similarly, the novelist did not want to disclose the precise site of the Count's residence, Castle Dracula. As confirmed by Stoker's own handwritten research notes, the novelist had a specific location for the Castle in mind while writing the narrative: an empty mountain top in the TransylvanianKelemen Alps near the former border withMoldavia.[66] Efforts to promote thePoenari Castle (ca. 200 km away from the novel's place of action near the Borgo Pass) as the "real Castle Dracula" have no basis in Stoker's writing; although it bears much similarity to the fictional Castle Dracula, no written evidence shows Stoker to have heard of it. Regarding theBran Castle nearBrașov, Stoker possibly saw an illustration of Castle Bran (Törzburg) inCharles Boner's 1865 book on Transylvania,Transylvania: Its Products and Its People.[67][68] Although Stoker may have been inspired by its romantic appearance, neither Boner, norMazuchelli nor Crosse (who also mention Terzburg or Törzburg) associate it with Vlad III; for the site of his fictitious Castle Dracula, Stoker preferred an empty mountain top.
Stoker's detailed notes reveal he was well aware of the ethnic and geopolitical differences between theRoumanians/Wallachs/Wallachians, descendants of theDacians, and the Székelys/Szeklers, allies of theMagyars or Hungarians, whose interests wereopposed to that of the Wallachians. In the novel's original typewritten manuscript, the Count speaks of throwing off the "Austrian yoke", which corresponds to the Szekler political point of view. This expression is crossed out and replaced by "Hungarian yoke" (as appearing in the printed version), which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians. Some take this to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian, not the Szekler interpretation, thus lending more consistency to his count's Romanian identity. Although not identical to Vlad III, the vampire is portrayed as one of the "Dracula race".[6]
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 20, Jonathan Harker's Journal, Letter, Mitchell, Sons & Candy to Lord Godalming, 1 October".Dracula(PDF). p. 391.The purchaser is a foreign nobleman, Count de Ville
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 6: Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 500.He had received a letter from Mr. de Ville of London
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018).Dracula(PDF). pp. 10, 14, 499, 517.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 2, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 9.'Ordog'—Satan, 'Pokol'—hell, 'stregoica'—witch, 'vrolok' and 'vlkoslak'—both mean the same thing, one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is either werewolf or vampire.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 23: Dr Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 436.Look out for D. He has just now, 12:45, come from Carfax hurriedly and hastened towards the South.
^abCorneel de Roos, Hans (2012). "Stoker's Vampire Trap: Vlad the Impaler and his Nameless Double".Linkoeping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science.15 (2). Linkoeping, Sweden: Linkoeping University Electronic Press: 7.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018).Dracula(PDF). pp. 9, 42.
^Stoker, Bram.Dracula's Guest(PDF). p. 11.'A wolf—and yet not a wolf!' another put in shudderingly. 'No use trying for him without the sacred bullet.'
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 2: Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 35.We Transylvanian nobles love not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018).Dracula(PDF). pp. 43, 344.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 18, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 344.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 27: Dr. Van Helsing's Memorandum, 5 November".Dracula(PDF). p. 531.DRACULA This then was the Undead home of the King Vampire, to whom so many more were due.
^abStoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 20, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). pp. 373, 374.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 20, Jonathan Harker's Journal, Letter, Mitchell, Sons, and Candy to Lord Godalming".Dracula(PDF). p. 329.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 18, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 346.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 21, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 404,405,406.
^Stoker, Bram (2011).Dracula. Oxford University Press. Oxford. p. 21.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 2, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 35.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 3, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 57.'Yes, I too can love. You yourselves can tell it from the past. Is it not so?
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 19, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). pp. 360–361.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 15, Dr Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). pp. 281, 282.Taking the edge of the loose flange, he bent it back towards the foot of the coffin, and holding up the candle into the aperture, motioned to me to look. I drew near and looked. The coffin was empty. It was certainly a surprise to me, and gave me a considerable shock
^Stoker, Bram. "Chapter 10, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula. p. 174.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 18, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 341.on the blood of the living. Even more, we have seen amongst us that he can even grow younger, that his vital faculties grow strenuous, and seem as though they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 21, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). pp. 411–412.I knew him at once from the description of the others. ...I knew, too, the red scar on his forehead where Jonathan had struck him.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 15, Westminster Gazette".Dracula(PDF). pp. 252–254.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 19, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 358.and when I had seen him he was either in the fasting stage of his existence in his rooms or, when he was bloated with fresh blood,
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 21, Dr. Seward's Diary, 3 October".Dracula(PDF). p. 412.First, a little refreshment to reward my exertions.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 23, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 448.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch 20, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). p. 376.hypnotize before dawn
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018).Dracula(PDF). pp. 462, 492, 523.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 21, Dr. Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 413.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Ch. 27, Mina Harker's Journal, 6 November".Dracula(PDF). p. 533.But I could not eat, to even try to do so was repulsive to me, and much as I would have liked to please him, I could not bring myself to the attempt.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 27, Memorandum by Abraham Van Helsing, 4 November".Dracula(PDF). pp. 519–527.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 4, Jonathan Harker's Journal".Dracula(PDF). pp. 70, 71.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 18, Doctor Seward's Diary".Dracula(PDF). p. 343.Thus, whereas he can do as he will within his limit, when he have his earth-home, his coffin-home, his hell-home, the place unhallowed, as we saw when he went to the grave of the suicide at Whitby, still at other time he can only change when the time come.
^Stoker, Bram (4 March 2018). "Chapter 22, Jonathan Harker's Journal, 23 October".Dracula(PDF). p. 424.The Count may come to Piccadilly earlier than we think.' 'Not so!' said Van Helsing, holding up his hand. 'But why?' I asked. 'Do you forget,' he said, with actually a smile, 'that last night he banqueted heavily, and will sleep late?
^Cain, Jimmie E. (2006)."Notes – Chapter Four".Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud. Jefferson, North Carolina:McFarland & Co. p. 182.ISBN0-7864-2407-9.
^Crişan, Marius (2008). "The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker's Sources on Transylvania".Journal of Dracula Studies (10). Kutztown, Pennsylvania:Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.
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