Cottonseed is theseed of thecotton plant, formed inside thecotton boll. Cottonseed is the source ofcottonseed oil andcottonseed meal. Cottonseed, like the rest of the cotton plant, contains high amounts ofgossypol that can be toxic to humans. Cottonseed has been historically used as anersatzprotein-rich food in cotton-producing regions, but the modernbiofortification of cottoncultivars with tolerable gossypol levels has particular relevance toimpoverished cotton producers.
Cottonseed develops from theovules within thelocule of the cotton boll, abotanical fruit. Removed from the boll, seeds are initially covered in finecotton linters, growing from the seed coat. Once the linters are removed, the seed is a brownovoid weighing about a tenth of a gram.
Thecotyledon makes up 60% of the weight of the seed without linters, theseed coat 32%, and the remaining 8% theradicle andhypocotyl. The chemical composition is 20% protein, 20% oil and 3.5% starch.
For unit weight ofcotton fiber, about 1.6 units of seeds are produced. The seeds are about 15% of the value of the crop and are pressed to makeoil and used asruminant animal feed. About 5% of the seeds are used forsowing the next crop.[1]
Cottonseed is crushed in the mill after removing lint from the cotton boll. The seed is further crushed to remove any remaining linters or strands of minute cotton fibers. The seeds are further hulled and polished to release the soft and high-protein meat. These hulls of the cottonseed are then mixed with other types of grains to make it suitable for the livestock feed. Cottonseed meal and hulls are one of the most abundantly available natural sources of protein and fiber used to feed livestock.[2]
Cottonseed as supplement is marketed primarily towards agricultural sectors that feed dairy cows. Somefeedlots use corn to supplement the forage diets of cows; high starch diets, such as those in corn supplemented diets, can lead to liver damage in cows.[3] Cottonseed is considered a safer alternative to corn supplemented diets due to its low starch content.[4] Cottonseed as livestock feed must also be monitored for safety since the foodstuff is high in energy/fat and too much fat content in a cow's diet can disrupt its ability to digest fiber, leading to other complications.[5]
Cottonseed meal
Cottonseed meal is a good source of protein. The two types of meal extraction processes aresolvent extraction and mechanical extraction. Most of the meal is extracted mechanically through cottonseed kernels. The flaked cottonseed kernels are put under high pressure through a screw inside a constantly revolving barrel. The screw pushes out the oil through the openings made in the barrel. The dry pieces left in the barrel are preserved and ground into meal. During the solvent extraction process, the cottonseed kernels are subjected to fine grinding by pushing them through an expander and then the solvent is used to extract most of the oil. The solvent-extracted meals have a lower fat content of 0.5% than the mechanically extracted meals with a fat content of 2.0%. Cottonseed meal contains more arginine than soybean meal. Cottonseed meal can be used in multiple ways: either alone or mixed with other plant and animal protein sources.[6]
Cottonseed hulls
The outer coverings of the cottonseed, known as cottonseed hulls, are removed from the cotton kernels before the oil is extracted. Cottonseed hulls are an excellent source of livestock feed as they contain about 8% cotton linters, which are nearly 100% cellulose. They require no grinding and easily mix with other feed sources. As they are easy to handle, their transportation cost is also fairly low. Whole cottonseed is another feed product of cottonseed used to feed livestock. It is the seed left after the separation of long fibres from cotton, and serves as a good source ofcellulose forruminants. Whole cottonseed leads to high production of milk and fat when fed to a high-producing dairy cow. It can be cost effective and provides nutrients with a high protein value of about 23%, crude fibre value of 25%, and high energy value of 20%. Whole cottonseed serves as a highly digestible feed which also improves the reproductive performance in livestock. Pima cottonseed, which is free of linters by default, and delinted cottonseed are other types of cottonseed feed products.[7]
Cottonseeds are toxic to humans and most animals due to the presence ofgossypol, though it is tolerated by cows, and cannot be consumed by humans without processing. In order to make cottonseed oil fit for human consumption, it must be processed to remove the gossypol. In October 2018, theUnited States Department of Agriculture approved for farming agenetically modified version of cottonseed developed by Dr. Keerti Rathore of Texas A&M AgriLife Research that contains ultra-low amounts of gossypol in its seeds.[8][9] The toxin remains present in other parts of the plant to protect against pests, but is not yet approved by theFood and Drug Administration for human consumption.[10]
The refined seed oil extracted from the kernels can be used as acooking oil or in salad dressings. It is also used in the production ofshortening and margarine. Cotton grown for the extraction of cottonseed oil is one of major crops grown around the world for the production of oil, afterpalm,soy,rapeseed (canola),sunflower andpeanut (groundnut).[citation needed]
The cottonseed meal after being dried can be used as a dry organic fertilizer, as it contains 41% protein. It can also be mixed with other natural fertilizers to improve its quality and use. Due to its natural nutrients, cottonseed meal improves soil's texture and helps retain moisture. It serves as a good source of natural fertilizers in dry areas due to its tendency of keeping the soil moist. Cottonseed meal and cottonseedashes are also sometimes used to supplementorganic hydroponic solutions.[11] Cottonseed meal fertilizers can be used for roses,camellias, or vegetable gardens.[12]
The fine quality oil extracted from cottonseed during the extraction process is also used in cosmetics, such as moisturizing lotions and bath soaps.
