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Cotinga

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(Redirected fromCotingidae)
Passerine bird family found in Central and South America
This article is about the familyCotingidae. For the genus, seeCotinga (genus). For the scientific journal, seeCotinga (journal).

Cotingas
Spangled cotinga (Cotinga cayana)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Passeriformes
Parvorder:Tyrannida
Family:Cotingidae
Bonaparte, 1849
Genera

Many, see text

Geographical range of the cotingas.

Thecotingas are a large family,Cotingidae, ofsuboscinepasserine birds found inCentral America andtropicalSouth America. Cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges, that are primary frugivorous. They all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. They range in size from 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) of thefiery-throated fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota) up to 48–51 cm (19–20 in) of theAmazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus).[1][2]

Description

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Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young.[3] Thepurple-throated fruitcrow lives in mixed-sex groups in which one female lays an egg and the others help provide insects to the chick.[4]

In cotinga species where only the females care for the eggs and young, the males have striking courtship displays, often grouped together inleks. Suchsexual selection results in the males of these species, including theGuianan cock-of-the-rock, being brightly coloured, or decorated with plumes or wattles, like theumbrellabirds, with their umbrella-like crest and long throat wattles. Other lekking cotingids like the bellbirds andscreaming piha, have distinctive and far-carrying calls. In suchcanopy-dwelling genera asCarpodectes,Cotinga, andXipholena, males gather high in a single tree or in adjacent trees, but male cocks-of-the-rock, as befits their more terrestrial lives, give their elaborate displays in leks on the ground.[4]

The females of both lekking and biparental species are duller than the males.

Breeding

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Nests range from tiny to very large. Many species lay a single egg in a nest so flimsy that the egg can be seen from underneath. This may make the nests hard for predators to find. Fruiteaters build more solid cup nests, and the cocks-of-the-rock attach their mud nests to cliffs.[4] The nests may be open cups or little platforms with loosely woven plant material, usually placed in a tree.The clutches comprise one to four eggs. Incubation typically takes 15–28 days. Fledging usually occurs at 28–33 days.

Habitat

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Deserts, open woodlands, coastal mangroves, and humid tropical forests comprise their habitats. Cotingas face very serious threats from the loss of their habitats.[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

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The family Cotingidae was introduced by French naturalistCharles Lucien Bonaparte in 1849.[6] According to theInternational Ornithological Committee, as of July 2021, the family contains 66 species divided into 24 genera.[7]

A 2014molecular phylogenetic study of the cotingas by Jacob Berv andRichard Prum found that the genera formed fivemonophyletic clades and they proposed that the family could be divided into five subfamilies.[8] The following cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of thesuboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators published in 2020.[9]

Cotingidae
Pipreolinae

Ampelioides – scaled fruiteater

Pipreola – fruiteaters (11 species)

Rupicolinae

Snowornis – pihas (2 species)

Carpornis – berryeaters (2 species)

Phoenicircus – cotingas (2 species)

Rupicola – cocks-of-the-rock (2 species)

Phytotominae

Zaratornis – white-cheeked cotinga

Phytotoma – plantcutters (3 species)

Phibalura – cotingas (1 species)

Doliornis – cotingas (2 species)

Ampelion – cotingas (2 species)

Cephalopterinae

Haematoderus – crimson fruitcrow

Querula – purple-throated fruitcrow

Pyroderus – red-ruffed fruitcrow

Perissocephalus – capuchinbird

Cephalopterus – umbrellabirds (3 species)

Cotinginae

Lipaugus – pihas and cotingas (9 species)

Procnias – bellbirds (4 species)

Cotinga – cotingas (7 species)

Porphyrolaema – purple-throated cotinga

Conioptilon – black-faced cotinga

Gymnoderus – bare-necked fruitcrow

Xipholena – cotingas (3 species)

Carpodectes – cotingas (3 species)

The genusTijuca was found to be embedded inLipaugus, a position that was confirmed by a more detailed 2020 study.[10]

ImageGenusLiving species
AmpelioidesVerreaux, 1867
PipreolaSwainson, 1838
SnowornisPrum, 2001
CarpornisG.R. Gray, 1846
RupicolaBrisson, 1760
PhoenicircusSwainson, 1832
ZaratornisKoepcke, 1954
PhytotomaMolina, 1782
PhibaluraVieillot, 1816
DoliornisTaczanowski, 1874
AmpelionTschudi, 1845
HaematoderusBonaparte, 1854
QuerulaVieillot, 1816
PyroderusG.R. Gray, 1840
CephalopterusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809
PerissocephalusOberholser, 1899
LipaugusF. Boie, 1828
ProcniasIlliger, 1811
CotingaBrisson, 1760
PorphyrolaemaBonaparte, 1854
ConioptilonLowery & O'Neill, 1966
GymnoderusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809
XipholenaGloger, 1841
CarpodectesSalvin, 1865

A number of species previously placed in this family are now placed in the familyTityridae (generaLaniisoma,Laniocera andIodopleura)[11]

See also:List of cotinga species

References

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  1. ^Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.)."Fiery-throated Fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota)".Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions.doi:10.2173/bow.fitfru1.01.S2CID 243289215. Retrieved30 June 2018.
  2. ^Snow, D. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.)."Amazonian Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus)".Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions.doi:10.2173/bow.amaumb1.01.S2CID 216264434. Retrieved30 June 2018.
  3. ^Cockburn, Andrew (2006)."Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.273 (1592):1375–1383.doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458.PMC 1560291.PMID 16777726. Supplementary Material.
  4. ^abcPrum, Richard O.;Snow, David W. (2003)."Cotingas". InChristopher Perrins (ed.).Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 432–433.ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  5. ^Complete Birds of the World. National Geographic. p. 200.
  6. ^Bock, Walter J. (1994).History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 149.hdl:2246/830.
  7. ^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David;Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021)."Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards".IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved7 December 2021.
  8. ^Berv, J.S.;Prum, R.O. (2014). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.81:120–136.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.001.PMID 25234241.
  9. ^Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O'Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot".Science.370 (6522):1343–1348.Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H.doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970.hdl:10138/329703.PMID 33303617.S2CID 228084618. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's websitehere.
  10. ^Settlecowski, A.E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Tello, J.G.; Harvey, M.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "Investigating the utility of traditional and genomic multilocus datasets to resolve relationships inLipaugus andTijuca (Cotingidae)".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.147 106779.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106779.PMID 32135309.S2CID 212568712.
  11. ^Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007.A classification of the bird species of South America.Archived March 2, 2009, at theWayback Machine American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

Further reading

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  • Snow, D.W. (1976). "The relationship between climate and annual cycles in the Cotingidae."Ibis118(3):366-401
  • Snow, D.W. (1982).The Cotingas: Bellbirds, Umbrella birds and their allies. British Museum Press.ISBN 0-19-858511-X

External links

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