From top, left and right: Bird's-eye view of Cotabato City; Cotabato City Hall;Sultan Kudarat Monument; Sinsuat Avenue; Old Cotabato City Hall;Bangsamoro Government Center
Cotabato City was formerly a part and the regional center ofRegion XII, but due to the ratification of theBangsamoro Organic Law, it is now part of Bangsamoro and serves as the regional center. Being an independent component city, it is not subject to regulation from the Provincial Government ofMaguindanao del Norte where it is geographically located. ThePhilippine Statistics Authority also lists Cotabato City as statistically independent.[7] It was the capital of theSultanate of Maguindanao.
Cotabato City is distinct from and should not be confused with the province ofCotabato.
Territory of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in 1521 and Cotabato City serving as its capital.
Prior to the arrival of Hindus and Muslims, the city was a vast swamp and rainforest landscape where numerous ethno-linguistic groups lived. Maguindanao vernacular architecture developed during this era, which included the architectural techniques of at least 10 ethno-linguistic groups. Later on, Hindu traders arrived and the people of the area embraced the practice ofHinduism. The set of moral standards and culture of present-day people of Maguindanao are seen due to this Hindu influence.[8][9]
Datu Piang (4th from left) with American officers circa 1899. He was the first governor of theEmpire Province of Cotabato; Cotabato City was once the capital of the province from 1920 to 1967.
By 1515, after a successful Muslim establishment in Sulu, Muslim merchants went to Maguindanao and converted many Maguindanaoans toIslam. Those that did not accept the arrival of the Muslims went into higher ground or the interior of the island and became theTeduray, as well as otherlumad groups. During the same year, theSultanate of Maguindanao was formally established, with Tubok as its initial capital. However, the sultan's seat would eventually be transferred in 1711 at around Tamontaka, a barangay within modern-day Cotabato. In 1861, Spain would eventually establish a garrison in Maguindanao and establish Kuta Watu, which was eventually renamed as Cotabato, as its new capital.[10]
TheSpanish Empire had defeated theSulu Sultanate in war and forced it to sign an unfavorable peace treaty in 1851.[11] With theMoro Gulf andIllana Bay now open to Spanish traffic as a result of their victory over the Sulu Moros, this paved the way for the first steps for the conquest of theMaguindanao Sultanate several years later. To that end, SpanishJesuit missionaries have already made their way as early as 1859 atPolloc where they earned several hundred converts, but the place was deemed unsuitable on account of its less than optimal ecology. And so the Spanish district governor of Mindanao based inZamboanga requested Datu Amirul, the father of present Sultan of Maguindanao Muhammad Makakua, for them to establish a military base at the stone fortress at Kota Wato in what is now Barangay Tamontaka, and Datu Amirul gave the consent. The Spanish then established themselves at the said fort, raising the Spanish flag there and renamed it Cotabato, the Hispanized form of its name, on April 30, 1861. The Spanish and the Moro chiefs and locals then had a conference later the same day which stipulated the Maguindanaoan locals of Cotabato are now subjects of the Spanish Crown but their Islamic beliefs would be respected. Thus, on April 30, 1861, in the flood plains of Tamontaka, the town of Cotabato was officially born.[12][13]
Under the reign of Sultan Muhammad Makakua, who while being the nominal sultan of Maguindanao was at this point under complete Spanishvassalage, roads and wharves were built in Cotabato, specifically where theTamontaka River was situated. Forests were felled and cleared by the new CatholicTiruray converts of Tamontaka to make way for the expansion of the newly established town.[14] In 1871, the capital of the Spanish military district of Mindanao was moved from Zamboanga to Cotabato, only to be moved back previously the next year when a destructive earthquake ravaged the town.[15]
Following the Spanish evacuation in Jan. 1899, Datu Piang led the Moro's in a massacre of the remaining Christian community, enslaving those they did not kill.[16]: 529–530 Americans arrived in Mindanao in 1900 after theSpanish–American War ended in 1898. Cotabato town was part ofMoro Province and ofDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu from 1903 to 1920, when theEmpire Province of Cotabato,[disputed –discuss] referred to as "Moroland" by the Americans, was founded with the town as the capital, withDatu Piang as its first governor.[7]
Several towns were carved off from Cotabato town since the year 1913, withPikit being the first one founded by Cebuano Christian colonists. Dulawan (nowDatu Piang, Maguindanao del Sur) andMidsayap were incorporated as regular municipalities in 1936. In 1942, at the beginning of thePacific Front ofWorld War II, the Japanese Imperial forces entered what is now the Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur provinces. In 1945, Maguindanao was liberated by allied Philippine Commonwealth troops and Muslim Maguindanaoan guerrilla units after defeating the Japanese Imperial forces in theBattle of Maguindanao during the Second World War.[7] On August 18, 1947, just two years after the Second World War and a year after the official inauguration of Philippine independence, the number of towns in the gigantic Cotabato province were multiplied by Executive Order No. 82 signed by PresidentManuel Roxas, namely:Kidapawan,Pagalungan,Buayan,Marbel,Parang,Nuling,Dinaig,Salaman,Buluan,Kiamba, andCabacan, a total of eleven (11) towns added to the previous four towns; the newly founded towns ofKabuntalan, Pikit (conversion as regular municipality), andGlan added up on September 30, 1949. More and more newly created towns added up in the province's number of towns as the province entered the second half of the 20th century.[7]
The city was chartered when PresidentCarlos P. Garcia signed into law theRepublic Act No. 2364 on June 20, 1959. Authored then by SenatorSalipada K. Pendatun.[17] Under the said charter, the city was politically sibdivided into five (5) Barangays namely Poblacion, Rosary Heights, Bagua, Kalanganan, and Tamontaka. In 1989, the existing Barangays were split up which resulted into 32 more Barangays, presently the City has 37 Barangays.
The city used to be part of theoriginal Province of Cotabato and was its capital from 1920 until 1967, a year after the separation ofSouth Cotabato; since then the city was the administrative center of the ARMM whenMaguindanao was carved out in 1973.
However, the city broke off administratively from Maguindanao as it rejoinedSoccsksargen in the 1990s. Now many sources consider the city as part of the presentCotabato province, although geographically it is still considered part of Maguindanao del Norte.[7]
The city has traditionally resisted efforts for its inclusion to theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao despite serving as the government center of the region. Despite this, the city's residents voted for their locality's inclusion in the newBangsamoro Autonomous Region by voting to ratify theBangsamoro Organic Law in the January 21,2019 plebiscite.[18] The city becamede jure part of Bangsamoro following the plebiscite, as well as the government center of the new region. It becameofficial part of the region after its formal turnover to the Bangsamoro regional government on December 15, 2020.[19]
Cotabato City has 27 urban barangays that are grouped into two major urban areas, the Down Town Area and the Upper Town Area.
Down Town Area The Downtown Area encompasses the barangays of Poblacion and Bagua, with a population exceeding 150,000. Situated below sea level, it faces constant flooding risks. Serving as Cotabato City's central hub for banking, trading, and commerce, it hosts over 20 banks and major wet markets like Mega Market and City Arcade. Additionally, prominent malls and supermarkets such as South Seas Mall, Puregold Main Branch, Sugni Super Store, and Superama (with 3 branches) are situated here, along with KCC Mall of Cotabato. Notable educational institutions include Notre Dame University, Cotabato City Central Pilot School (the largest elementary school), STI Cotabato, and Notre Dame of Cotabato.
Upper Town Area The Upper Town Area, situated in the elevated regions of Cotabato City, encompasses all barangays of Rosary Heights and is home to the Peoples Palace (City Hall). Serving as the service center of Cotabato City, it houses Regional Government Agencies from both the Bangsamoro Region and Region 12. Additionally, it is home to Cotabato Regional and Medical Center, along with other medical facilities. Educational institutions in this area include Cotabato State University, Notre Dame-RVM, and AMA Computer College, as well as the now-closed University of Mindanao. Major shopping destinations include CityMall, Mall of Alnor, and Fiesta Mall.
Two other emerging areas include Barangays of Kalanganan, where the Seaport and Grand Mosque are situated. The primary industry here revolves around aquaculture, with proposed developments for a Public Market and Public Terminal. Additionally, construction of a coastal road is underway in this area. Another burgeoning area is the Barangays of Tamontaka, slated for the establishment of an International Airport. Tamontaka also serves as the eastern diversion road of Cotabato City.
The city is situated in the lowest portion of Maguindanao del Norte. The City of Cotabato with its 37 barangays spans an area with marked landscapes of flat, level to nearly level, very gently sloping to gently undulations to moderately sloping or rolling. It is basically a delta formed by two big rivers, the Tamontaka River and the Rio Grande de Mindanao. Basically 70% of its total land area is below sea level. There are only 2 existing elevated areas in the city, thePC Hill and the Timako Hill with an altitude of 90 and 150 feet, respectively. At the foot of PC Hill isTantawan Park and also hosts theKutang Bato Caves.
Concentration of settlements and other urban uses are in the central portion while the southwestern and southeastern portion have mixed uses of agricultural land settlements. The city is criss-crossed by meandering and braided creeks and rivers like the Matampay, Parang, Timako, Esteros and Miwaruy.
These water bodies serve as sources of both agricultural, industrial and domestic water requirements of some rural barangays. These rivers also serve as the natural drainage flow of the city's wastes.
Under theKöppen climate classification system, Cotabato City features atropical rainforest climate (Af) with consistently hot, humid and wet weather year-round. There is a drier season from January to February, but unlike western Luzon rainfall is still over 80 millimetres or 3 inches in every month.
Climate data for Cotabato City (1991-2020, extremes 1986-2023)
Maguindanaon is widely understood and spoken in Cotabato City, being the native language of theMaguindanaon and some other ethnicities in the city could also speak and understand it. The relatedDanao languages ofIranun andMaranao are spoken by residents of the corresponding ethnicities. OtherMoro languages such asTausug,Sama andYakan are also spoken in the city.
The mainlingua franca isTagalog, making Cotabato City the "Tagalog-speaking city of Mindanao". It is the only place outside Luzon that is predominantly Tagalog-speaking. Soccsksargen Tagalog, a Mindanao-based Tagalog dialect, is also spoken in the city.
Chavacano,Ilonggo,Ilocano andCebuano are spoken as well by the various Christian minorities of the city. Chavacano has its own dialect in the city called Cotabateño, but it was replaced by Tagalog as the lingua franca, which reduced the number of native Chavacano speakers.
CRMC Mosque, displaying traditional Maguindanao architecture
As reported by Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) on 2015, 76% of the people of Cotabato City are adherents ofSunniIslam.[31] The followers of Islam are mainlyMaguindanaon,Iranun,Maranao, andTausug. The remaining proportion belong to non - Islamic belief such asCatholicism, Buddhism, and other sects.
Festivals religious of origin are also held in the city annually, such as the Shariff Kabunsuan Festival which is dedicated toSharif Kabungsuwan, a Muslim missionary who introduced Islam in the area.[34] TheFeast of the Immaculate Conception is also observed, since theImmaculate Conception is regarded as the patron saint of the city by its Catholic population.
Cotabato City serves as the commercial, industrial, financial, educational, healthcare, and regional center of the Bangsamoro Region and Central Mindanao. Situated strategically at the heart of Mindanao, the city boasts road links and public transport connectivity to all major cities on the island, including Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Zamboanga City, Dipolog, and General Santos.
In 2019, the city government reported approximately 1.2 billion pesos in new investments, resulting in the establishment of 1,368 new businesses. This robust economic growth contributed to the city's total annual income of 1.044 billion pesos for the same year. Over the past five years, Cotabato City has experienced an average annual income growth rate of 10.51 percent. Additionally, in 2019, Cotabato City was recognized as the second most competitive component city in Mindanao and the most competitive city in Region 12 for three consecutive years based on the annual ranking of the Cities Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI).
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Cotabato City in 2022 reached 72,091,571,637.36 pesos or 221,766.35 per Capita GDP comparable toTunisia. Reports also indicate that Cotabato City ranks as the third city in Mindanao in terms of highest bank deposits, trailing behind Davao City and Cagayan De Oro City.
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - Cotabato City Branch 2023
Cotabato City ranks as the third highest in bank deposits in Mindanao, totaling Php 88.66 billion as of June 30, 2021,[44] attributable to robust economic activity. Recognizing the city's significance, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas established its Central Mindanao branch within Cotabato City.
The city boasts a mix of local and national shopping centers. Local establishments such as Superama, Sugni, Mall of Alnor, and Southseas Mall compete with national retailers likeCityMall,Puregold, Robinsons Supermarket and Department Store, SM Savemore, as well as Centro Department Store, Mi Department Store, and Fiesta Shopping Center, which are present in selected locations nationwide. Cotabato City stands out as one of the fastest-growing economies in the Soccsksargen region.[45]
KCC Mall of Cotabato City had started its full blown construction on July 1, 2020. It is located along Quezon Avenue corner Sinsuat Avenue, & the project is estimated to cost 11 billion pesos, the mall is four storey tall with a total lot area of 11 hectares; on the second phase of construction is the completion of eleven storey hotel with a convention center, probably upon completion this could be the tallest building inRegion XII.[46] NCCC Malls, a Davao-based mall company have also confirmed their interest to build a mall within the city.[47] KCC Mall Of Cotabato will set to open by April 2, 2025.
Aiming to be thehalal hub of the Philippines, the City Government and Malaysian Businessman built a Class AA halal slaughter house in Baranggay Kalangan II in the city primary serving the entire Central Mindanao, the Halal slaughter house generates a gross income of 4,642,135.00 pesos in 2018.[51]
The city has different factories for cooking oil, coffee, corn starch, processed food and furniture operating within the city.
Recently the number of hotels, inn and pension houses increases, in 2015 the city post an all-time high tourist arrivals growth of 241.01% highest on region 12, and Cotabato City has a 63.97% hotel occupancy rate, rank 1 in region 12.[52]
Feast of the Immaculate Conception - a celebration of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the patron saint of the city. The festival starts from December 1 to 8. The activities are mostly participated by different Catholic schools.
Shariff Kabunsuan Festival – this festival is celebrated every December 15–19, which is celebrated in honor of Shariff Mohammad Kabunsuan, an Arab missionary from Johore who planted the seed of Islam in Central Mindanao. On this event, certain presentations are performed such as dances. There are also many recreational activities and sports. Highlights in this festival are Dance Parade, Banca Race and the re-enactment of Shariff's arrival.
Araw ng Kutabato (Cotabato Day) – celebrated every June 12–25, this is the biggest celebration in all of the city's festivals. This festival is held to commemorate the city's charter day.
Festival of Lights - A Christmas celebration organized by the Notre Dame schools in Cotabato City, celebrated every December of the year.
Ramadhan - Being a Muslim majority, the city is one in celebrating the holy month of Ramadhan, both the city local government unit and the Bangsamoro Region are establishing their own Ramadhan Fair and different activities.
Layagan Festival - is a Crabs Festival held and organized in the Barangay of Mother Kalanganan, the event is conducted every December, Barangay Kalanganan produces hundred of tons of crabs annually making it as the crabs capital of Soccsksargen.
Tantawan Park: Historical landmark in Cotabato City located at the foot ofPC Hill where Shariff Kabunsuan is believed to docked his boat in his missionary trip to plant Islamic faith in Central Mindanao.
Tamontaka Church: The oldest church in Cotabato City built by the Jesuits in 1872
Cotabato City has become a pivotal hub for bus route transport connectivity, linking it to major cities across Mindanao. To the east, routes extend to General Santos City, South Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat Provinces. To the north, Additionally, recent developments have expanded connectivity to the western side of Mindanao, including cities such as Dipolog, Pagadian, and Zamboanga.
Furthermore, Cotabato City is linked to the island provinces of Basilan and Tawi-Tawi through Ro-ro services, while Philippine Airlines provides air connectivity to Tawi-Tawi.
Air
Flights going to Cotabato City can be reached viaCotabato Airport which is currently situated inDatu Odin Sinsuat, an adjacent town from the city.
Direct flights to and from Manila are provided by PAL and Cebu Pacific, and last June 9, 2022, direct Cotabato to Tawi-Tawi and vice versa flights commenced via PAL.[53]
Land
Cotabato City Public Terminal
Modified Toyota Townace and Modified Suzuki Multicab are the usual means of transportation routing the city, while tricycle are only roaming within downtown area. Single motor transport known as Habal-habal are also available around in some location. There are also taxi company operating within city or nearby municipality.
Inter-city bus transportations are accessible with these Bus Companies listed below. There are also Shuttle Vans currently operating in the city that travels toLebak,Kalamansig,Marawi,Iligan,Parang,North Upi,Kabuntalan and even to various towns in BARMM, SOCCSARGEN, and Zamboanga Peninsula,
Bus companies operating in Cotabato City:
Husky Tours: Cotabato City toGeneral Santos - vice versa via Shariff Aguak, Isulan, Tacurong and Koronadal City
Mindanao Star Bus: Cotabato City to Davao City - vice versa via Kidapawan, Midsayap, Kabacan, Digos
Cotabato Light and Power Company Building along Sinsuat Avenue, July 2020
Power is handled byCotabato Light and Power Company, a private firm owned by Aboitiz who gets power resources from the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines. (NGCP). It also operates a bunker fuel-fired stand-by power engines to address emergency situations like power failures, trip-offs and fluctuations.[54]
Metro Cotabato Water District is the main water supplier in the city. It has an active connection of 29,960. It resources are located in Barangay Dimapatoy, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao del Norte.[55]
Telecommunications are handled byPLDT or Philippine Long Distance Company,Smart Communications,Globe Telecom, andDito Telcom. Internet Service provider in the city are PLDT, Smart, Globe, and Dito. Cable services are being handled by local-based Cotabato Cable[56] and national-based Cignal[57] and Sky Cable.
United Doctors Hospital Cotabato along Notre Dame AvenueCotabato Regional and Medical Center
Cotabato City is the health care center of Central Mindanao catering both mainland of Bangsamoro Region andCentral Mindanao, Soccsksargen regional hospital is situated in the city named as Cotabato Regional and Medical Center with its 600-bed capacity it has become the largest hospital in the entire region 12. Cotabato City also has 8 more private hospitals. Below is the list of current operating hospitals in the city.
Cotabato City is home to 18 private colleges and two universities. According to a report from the Department of Education, the city had a total of 14,228 enrollees in higher education (colleges and universities) during the 2017–2018 school year. Among the higher education institutions in Central Mindanao, Notre Dame University (NDU) stands out. NDU is the first university in the Notre Dame system in Asia and was recognized as the best accountancy school in Mindanao in 2018. It also ranked as the 9th top-performing school in the May 2023 Nursing Board Exam, with a passing rate of 96.64%, as 115 out of 119 examinees successfully passed.
Additionally, the Cotabato City State Polytechnic College was converted into Cotabato State University by Republic Act 10585, becoming the second university in the city, with the change taking effect in April 2021.
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