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Corynebacterium

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Genus of bacteria

Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium ulcerans colonies on ablood agar plate
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Bacillati
Phylum:	Actinomycetota
Class:	Actinomycetes
Order:	Mycobacteriales
Family:	Corynebacteriaceae Lehmann and Neumann 1907 (Approved Lists 1980)^[2]
Genus:	Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)^[1]
Type species
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
Species
See text.
Synonyms
BacterionemaGilmouret al. 1961 (Approved Lists 1980) CaseobacterCrombach 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) TuricellaFunkeet al. 1994

Corynebacterium (/kɔːˈraɪnəbækˌtɪəriəm,-ˈrɪn-/) is agenus ofGram-positive bacteria and most areaerobic. They arebacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically,club-shaped, which inspired the genus name (coryneform means "club-shaped").

They are widely distributed in nature in themicrobiota ofanimals (including thehuman microbiota) and are mostly innocuous, most commonly existing incommensal relationships with their hosts.^[3] Some, such asC. glutamicum, are commercially and industrially useful.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Others can cause human disease, including, most notably,diphtheria, which is caused byC. diphtheriae. Like various species of microbiota (including their relatives in the generaArcanobacterium andTrueperella), they are usually notpathogenic, but can occasionally capitalizeopportunistically on atypical access totissues (viawounds) orweakened host defenses.

Taxonomy

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The genusCorynebacterium was created by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896 as ataxonomic group to contain the bacterial rods responsible for causing diphtheria. The genus was defined based onmorphological characteristics. Based on studies of16S rRNA, they have been grouped into the subdivision of Gram-positiveEubacteria with highG:C content, with close phylogenetic relationships toArthrobacter,Mycobacterium,Nocardia, andStreptomyces.^[8]

The term comes fromGreek κορύνη,korýnē 'club, mace, staff, knobby plant bud or shoot'^[9] and βακτήριον,baktḗrion 'little rod'.^[10] The term "diphtheroids" is used to represent corynebacteria that are nonpathogenic; for example,C. diphtheriae would be excluded.^{[citation needed]} The term diphtheroid comes from Greek διφθέρα,diphthérā 'prepared hide, leather'.^[11]^[12]

Genomics

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Comparative analysis of corynebacterial genomes has led to the identification of severalconserved signature indels (CSIs) that are unique to the genus. Two examples of CSIs are a two-amino-acid insertion in a conserved region of the enzymephosphoribose diphosphate:decaprenyl-phosphate phosphoribosyltransferase and a three-amino-acid insertion inacetate kinase, both of which are found only inCorynebacterium species. Both of these indels serve asmolecular markers for species of the genusCorynebacterium. Additionally, 16 conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely found inCorynebacterium species, have been identified. Three of these have homologs found in the genusDietzia, which is believed to be the closest related genus toCorynebacterium. In phylogenetic trees based on concatenated protein sequences or 16S rRNA, the genusCorynebacterium forms a distinct clade, within which is a distinct subclade, cluster I. The cluster is made up of the speciesC. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. ulcerans, C. aurimucosum, C. glutamicum, andC. efficiens. This cluster is distinguished by several conserved signature indels, such as a two-amino-acid insertion in LepA and a seven- or eight-amino-acid insertions in RpoC. Also, 21 conserved signature proteins are found only in members of cluster I. Another cluster has been proposed, consisting ofC. jeikeium andC. urealyticum, which is supported by the presence of 19 distinct conserved signature proteins which are unique to these two species.^[13] Corynebacteria have a highG+C content ranging from 46-74 mol%.^[14]

Characteristics

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The principal features of the genusCorynebacterium were described by Collins and Cummins, for Coryn Taylor in 1986.^[15] They are gram-positive,catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria that are straight or slightly curved.^[16]Metachromatic granules are usually present representing stored phosphate regions. Their size falls between 2 and 6μm in length and 0.5 μm in diameter. The bacteria group together in a characteristic way, which has been described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese characters". They may also appearelliptical. They areaerobic orfacultatively anaerobic,chemoorganotrophs. They arepleomorphic through theirlifecycles, they occur in various lengths, and they frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on the surrounding conditions.^[17]

Some corynebacteria arelipophilic (such asCDC coryneform groups F-1 and G,C. accolens,C. afermentans subsp.lipophilum,C. bovis,^[18]C. jeikeium,C. macginleyi,C. uropygiale,^[19] andC. urealyticum), but medically relevant corynebacteria are typically not.^[20] The nonlipophilic bacteria may be classified asfermentative (such asC. amycolatum;C. argentoratense, members of theC. diphtheriae group,C. glucuronolyticum,C. glutamicum,C. matruchotii,C. minutissimum,C. striatum, andC. xerosis) or nonfermentative (such asC. afermentans subsp.afermentans,C. auris,C. pseudodiphtheriticum, andC. propinquum).^[18]

Cell wall

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Thecell wall is distinctive, with a predominance ofmesodiaminopimelic acid in themurein wall^[3]^[16] and many repetitions ofarabinogalactan, as well as corynemycolic acid (amycolic acid with 22 to 26carbon atoms), bound bydisaccharide bonds calledL-Rhap-(1 → 4)--D-GlcNAc-phosphate. These form a complex commonly seen inCorynebacterium species: the mycolyl-AG–peptidoglican (mAGP).^[21] Unlike most corynebacteria,Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii does not contain mycolic acids.^[22]

Culture

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Corynebacteria grow slowly, even on enriched media. In nutritional requirements, all needbiotin to grow. Some strains also needthiamine andPABA.^[15] Some of theCorynebacterium species with sequenced genomes have between 2.5 and 3.0 million base pairs. The bacteria grow inLoeffler's medium,blood agar, andtrypticase soy agar (TSA). They form small, grayish colonies with a granular appearance, mostly translucent, but with opaque centers, convex, with continuous borders.^[16] The color tends to be yellowish-white in Loeffler's medium. In TSA, they can form grey colonies with black centers and dentated borders that either resemble flowers (C. gravis), continuous borders (C. mitis), or a mix between the two forms (C. intermedium).^{[citation needed]}

Habitat

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Corynebacterium species occur commonly in nature in soil, water, plants, and food products.^[3]^[16] The non-diphtheroidCorynebacterium species can even be found in themucosa and normalskin flora of humans and animals.^[3]^[16] Unusual habitats, such as thepreen gland ofbirds, have been recently reported forCorynebacterium uropygiale.^[19] Some species are known for their pathogenic effects in humans and other animals. Perhaps the most notable one isC. diphtheriae, which acquires the capacity to producediphtheria toxin only after interacting with abacteriophage.^[23]^[24] Other pathogenic species in humans include:C. amycolatum,C. striatum,C. jeikeium,C. urealyticum, andC. xerosis;^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] all of these are important as pathogens inimmunosuppressed patients. Pathogenic species in other animals includeC. bovis andC. renale.^[30] This genus has been found to be part of the humansalivary microbiome.^[31]

Role in disease

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Main article:Diphtheria

The most notable human infection isdiphtheria, caused byC. diphtheriae. It is an acute, contagious infection characterized by pseudomembranes of deadepithelial cells,white blood cells,red blood cells, andfibrin that form around thetonsils andback of the throat.^[32] In developed countries, it is an uncommon illness that tends to occur in unvaccinated individuals, especially school-aged children,elderly,neutropenic orimmunocompromised patients, and those with prosthetic devices such asprosthetic heart valves,shunts, orcatheters. It is more common in developing countries^[33] It can occasionally infect wounds, thevulva, theconjunctiva, and themiddle ear. It can be spreadwithin a hospital.^[34] The virulent and toxigenic strains produce anexotoxin formed by twopolypeptide chains, which is itself produced when a bacterium istransformed by agene from theβ prophage.^[23]^[24]

Several species cause disease in animals, most notablyC. pseudotuberculosis, which causes the diseasecaseous lymphadenitis, and some are also pathogenic in humans. Some attack healthyhosts, while others tend to attack theimmunocompromised. Effects of infection includegranulomatous lymphadenopathy,pneumonitis,pharyngitis, skin infections, andendocarditis. Corynebacterial endocarditis is seen most frequently in patients with intravascular devices.^[35] Several species ofCorynebacterium can causetrichomycosis axillaris.^[36]C. striatum may cause axillary odor.^[37]C. minutissimum causeserythrasma.

Industrial uses

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Nonpathogenic species ofCorynebacterium are used for important industrial applications, such as the production ofamino acids^[38] andnucleotides, bioconversion ofsteroids,^[39] degradation ofhydrocarbons,^[40]cheese aging,^[41] and production ofenzymes.^[42] Some species produce metabolites similar toantibiotics:bacteriocins of the corynecin-linocin type,^[34]^[43]^[44] antitumor agents,^[45] etc. One of the most studied species isC. glutamicum, whose name refers to its capacity to produceglutamic acid in aerobic conditions.^[46]

L-Lysine production is specific toC. glutamicum in which core metabolic enzymes are manipulated through genetic engineering to drive metabolic flux towards the production of NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway, and L-4-aspartyl phosphate, the commitment step to the synthesis of L-lysine,lysC, dapA, dapC, and dapF. These enzymes are up-regulated in industry through genetic engineering to ensure adequate amounts of lysine precursors are produced to increase metabolic flux. Unwanted side reactions such as threonine and asparagine production can occur if a buildup of intermediates occurs, so scientists have developed mutant strains of C. glutamicum through PCR engineering and chemical knockouts to ensure production of side-reaction enzymes are limited. Many genetic manipulations conducted in industry are by traditional cross-over methods or inhibition of transcriptional activators.^[47]

Expression of functionally active humanepidermal growth factor has been brought about inC. glutamicum,^[48] thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the generalsecretory pathway or thetwin-arginine translocation pathway.^[49]

Unlike gram-negative bacteria, the gram-positiveCorynebacterium species lacklipopolysaccharides that function as antigenicendotoxins in humans.^{[citation needed]}

Species

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Corynebacterium comprises the following species:^[50]

C. accolensNeubauer et al. 1991
C. afermentansRiegel et al. 1993
C. alimapuenseClaverias et al. 2019
"C. alkanolyticum"Lee and Reichenbach 2006
C. ammoniagenes(Cooke and Keith 1927) Collins 1987
C. amycolatumCollins et al. 1988
C. anserumLiu et al. 2021
C. appendicisYassin et al. 2002
C. aquatimensAravena-Román et al. 2012
C. aquilaeFernández-Garayzábal et al. 2003
C. argentoratenseRiegel et al. 1995
"C. asperum"De Briel et al. 1992
C. atrinaeKim et al. 2015
C. atypicumHall et al. 2003
C. aurimucosumYassin et al. 2002
C. aurisFunke et al. 1995
C. auriscanisCollins et al. 2000
C. belfantiiDazas et al. 2018
C. beticolaAbdou 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
"C. bouchesdurhonense"Ndongo et al. 2017
"C. bouchesdurhonense"Lo et al. 2019
C. bovisBergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. callunae(Lee and Good 1963) Yamada and Komagata 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. camporealensisFernández-Garayzábal et al. 1998
C. canisFunke et al. 2010
C. capitovisCollins et al. 2001
C. caseiBrennan et al. 2001
C. caspiumCollins et al. 2004
C. choanaeBusse et al. 2019
C. ciconiaeFernández-Garayzábal et al. 2004
C. comesSchaffert et al. 2021
C. confusumFunke et al. 1998
C. coyleaeFunke et al. 1997
C. crudilactisZimmermann et al. 2016
C. cystitidisYanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
"C. defluvii"Yu et al. 2017
"C. dentalis"Benabdelkader et al. 2020
C. desertiZhou et al. 2012
C. diphtheriae(Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. doosanenseLee et al. 2009
C. durumRiegel et al. 1997
C. efficiensFudou et al. 2002
C. endometriiBallas et al. 2020
C. epidermidicanisFrischmann et al. 2012
C. faecaleChen et al. 2016
C. falseniiSjödén et al. 1998
C. felinumCollins et al. 2001
C. flavescensBarksdale et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. fourniericorrig. Diop et al. 2018
C. frankenforstenseWiertz et al. 2013
C. freiburgenseFunke et al. 2009
C. freneyiRenaud et al. 2001
C. geronticiBusse et al. 2019
C. glaucumYassin et al. 2003
C. glucuronolyticumFunke et al. 1995
C. glutamicum(Kinoshita et al. 1958) Abe et al. 1967 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. glyciniphilum(ex Kubota et al. 1972) Al-Dilaimi et al. 2015
C. gottingenseAtasayar et al. 2017
C. guangdongenseLi et al. 2016
"C. haemomassiliense"Boxberger et al. 2020
C. halotoleransChen et al. 2004
C. hanseniiRenaud et al. 2007
C. heidelbergenseBraun et al. 2021
C. hindleraeBernard et al. 2021
C. humireducensWu et al. 2011
"C. ihumii"Padmanabhan et al. 2014
C. ilicisMandel et al. 1961 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. imitansFunke et al. 1997
"C. incognitum"Boxberger et al. 2021
C. jeddahenseEdouard et al. 2017
C. jeikeiumJackman et al. 1988
C. kalinowskiiSchaffert et al. 2021
"C. kefirresidentii"Blasche et al. 2017
C. kroppenstedtiiCollins et al. 1998
C. kutscheri(Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1925 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. lactisWiertz et al. 2013
"C. lactofermentum"Gubler et al. 1994
C. jeikliangguodongiiiumZhu et al. 2020
C. lipophiloflavumFunke et al. 1997
C. lizhenjuniiZhou et al. 2021
C. lowiiBernard et al. 2016
C. lubricantisKämpfer et al. 2009
C. lujinxingiiZhang et al. 2021
C. macginleyiRiegel et al. 1995
C. marinumDu et al. 2010
C. marisBen-Dov et al. 2009
C. massilienseMerhej et al. 2009
C. mastitidisFernandez-Garayzabal et al. 1997
C. matruchotii(Mendel 1919) Collins 1983
C. minutissimum(ex Sarkany et al. 1962) Collins and Jones 1983
C. mucifaciensFunke et al. 1997
C. mustelaeFunke et al. 2010
C. mycetoides(ex Castellani 1942) Collins 1983
C. nasicanisBaumgardt et al. 2015
"C. neomassiliense"Boxberger et al. 2020
C. nurukiShin et al. 2011
C. occultumSchaffert et al. 2021
C. oculiBernard et al. 2016
C. otitidis(Funke et al. 1994) Baek et al. 2018
"C. pacaense"Bellali et al. 2019
"C. parakroppenstedtii"Luo et al. 2022
"C. parvulum"Nakamura et al. 1983
C. pelargiKämpfer et al. 2015
C. phocaePascual et al. 1998
"C. phoceense"Cresci et al. 2016
C. pilbarenseAravena-Roman et al. 2010
C. pilosumYanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. pollutisoliNegi et al. 2016
C. propinquumRiegel et al. 1994
"C. provencense"Ndongo et al. 2017
"C. provencense"Lo et al. 2019
C. pseudodiphtheriticumLehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
"C. pseudokroppenstedtii"Luo et al. 2022
C. pseudopelargiBusse et al. 2019
C. pseudotuberculosis(Buchanan 1911) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. pyruviciproducensTong et al. 2010
C. qintianiaeZhou et al. 2021
C. renale(Migula 1900) Ernst 1906 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. resistensOtsuka et al. 2005
C. riegeliiFunke et al. 1998
C. rouxiiBadell et al. 2020
C. sanguinisJaén-Luchoro et al. 2020
"C. segmentosum"Collins et al. 1998
"C. senegalense"Ndiaye et al. 2019
C. silvaticumDangel et al. 2020
C. simulansWattiau et al. 2000
C. singulareRiegel et al. 1997
C. sphenisciGoyache et al. 2003
C. spheniscorumGoyache et al. 2003
C. sputiYassin and Siering 2008
C. stationis(ZoBell and Upham 1944) Bernard et al. 2010
C. striatum(Chester 1901) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. suicordisVela et al. 2003
C. sundsvallenseCollins et al. 1999
C. suranareeaeNantapong et al. 2020
C. tapiriBaumgardt et al. 2015
C. terpenotabidumTakeuchi et al. 1999
C. testudinorisCollins et al. 2001
C. thomsseniiZimmermann et al. 1998
C. timonenseMerhej et al. 2009
C. trachiaeKämpfer et al. 2015
C. tuberculostearicumFeurer et al. 2004
C. tuscaniensecorrig. Riegel et al. 2006
"C. uberis"Kittl et al. 2022
C. ulcerans(ex Gilbert and Stewart 1927) Riegel et al. 1995
C. ulceribovisYassin 2009
C. urealyticumPitcher et al. 1992
C. ureicelerivoransYassin 2007
"C. urinapleomorphum"Morand et al. 2017
C. urinipleomorphumcorrig. Niang et al. 2021
C. urogenitaleBallas et al. 2020
C. uropygialeBraun et al. 2016
C. uterequiHoyles et al. 2013
C. variabilecorrig. (Müller 1961) Collins 1987
C. vitaeruminiscorrig. (Bechdel et al. 1928) Lanéelle et al. 1980
C. wankangliniiZhang et al. 2021
C. xerosis(Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Lehmann and Neumann 1899 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. yudongzhengiiZhu et al. 2020
C. zhongnanshaniiZhang et al. 2021

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Prokaryotes:Bacteria classification

(major groups

Candidate Phyla
Radiation

"Elulimicrobiota"
- "Elulimicrobia"
Minisyncoccota
- Minisyncoccia
- "Saccharimonadia"

Thermotogati

"Ca. Acetithermota" "Ca. Acetithermia" "Bipolaricaulota" "Bipolaricaulia" Deinococcota "Deinococcia"
"Synergistetes"	Atribacterota Atribacteria "Phoenicimicrobiia" Synergistota Synergistia
"Thermocalda"	Caldisericota Caldisericia Coprothermobacterota Coprothermobacteria Dictyoglomerota Dictyoglomeria "Lithacetigenota" "Lithacetigenia" Thermodesulfobiota "Thermodesulfobiia" Thermotogota "Thermotogia" "Zhurongbacterota"

Bacillati

Actinomycetota Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetes "Aquicultoria" Coriobacteriia "Geothermincolia" "Humimicrobiia" Nitriliruptoria Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia Armatimonadota "Abditibacteriia" Armatimonadia Chthonomonadia "Fervidibacteria" Fimbriimonadia "Heboniibacteriia" "Zipacnadia" Chloroflexota "Caldilineia" Chloroflexia Dehalococcoidia "Dormibacteria" Ktedonobacteria "Limnocylindria" "Martimicrobiia" "Poriflexia" "Spiritibacteria" "Tarhunnaeia" "Uliximicrobiia" "Sysuimicrobiota" "Sysuimicrobiia" Vulcanimicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiia "Xenobiia"
"Cyanoprokaryota"	Cyanobacteriota Cyanophyceae "Sericytochromatia" Vampirovibrionophyceae "Margulisiibacteriota" "Marinamargulisbacteria" "Riflemargulisbacteria" "Saganbacteria" "Termititenacia"
"Firmicutes"	Bacillota "Bacillia" Bacillota A "Clostridiia" "Thermoanaerobacteria" Thermosediminibacteria Bacillota D "Dethiobacteria" Natranaerobiia "Proteinivoracia" Bacillota E Sulfobacillia Symbiobacteriia Thermaerobacteria Bacillota G "Hydrogenisporia" Limnochordia "Desulfotomaculota" "Carboxydocellia" "Carboxydothermia" "Dehalobacteriia" Desulfitobacteriia Desulfotomaculia "Moorellia" Peptococcia Syntrophomonadia Thermincolia "Halanaerobiaeota" "Halanaerobiia" "Selenobacteria" "Selenomonadia"

Pseudomonadati

"Sphingobacteria"	Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Chlorobiia "Ignavibacteriia" "Kapaibacteria" "Kryptoniia" Rhodothermia Calditrichota Calditrichia "Cloacimonadota" "Cloacimonadia" "Cosmopoliota" "Cosmopolitia" "Delongiibacteriota" "Edwardsiibacteriota" "Effluvivivacota" "Eiseniibacteriota" "Electryoneota" "Electryoneia" "Tariuqbacteria" "Fermentibacterota" "Fermentibacteria" Fibrobacterota Chitinivibrionia Fibrobacteria "Raymondbacteriia" Gemmatimonadota Gemmatimonadia "Glassbacteria" "Hydrothermota" "Hydrothermia" "Stahlbacteria" "Krumholzibacteriota" "Krumholzibacteriia" "Heilongiota" "Heilongiia" "Latescibacterota" "Handelsmanbacteria" "Latescibacteria" "Marinisomatota" "Marinisomatia" "Zixiibacteriota" "Zhuqueibacterota" "Zhuqueibacteria"
"Planctobacteria"	"Abyssobacteria" "Aerophobota" "Aerophobia" "Auribacterota" "Ancaeobacteria" "Auribacteria" "Erginobacteria" "Tritonobacteria" Chlamydiota Chlamydiia "Coatesiibacteriota" "Desantisiibacteriota" Elusimicrobiota Elusimicrobiia Endomicrobiia Fidelibacterota Fidelibacteria "Firestoneibacteriota" "Goldiibacteriota" "Heilongiota" "Hinthialibacterota" "Hinthialibacteria" "Hydrogenedentota" "Hydrogenedentia" "Omnitrophota" "Omnitrophia" "Velamenicoccia" Planctomycetota "Brocadiia" "Phycisphaeria" Planctomycetia "Uabimicrobiia" "Poribacteriota" "Ratteibacteriota" "Saltatorellota" "Saltatorellae" "Sumerlaeota" "Sumerlaeia" "Tianyaibacteriota" Verrucomicrobiota (Kiritimatiellota;Lentisphaerota) Kiritimatiellia Lentisphaeria Verrucomicrobiia
"Proteobacteria"	Acidobacteriota "Acidobacteriia" "Aminicenantia" Blastocatellia "Fischerbacteria" "Guanabaribacteriia" "Holophagia" "Polarisedimenticolia" Thermoanaerobaculia Vicinamibacteria "Acidulidesulfobacteriota" "Acidulodesulfobacteriia" Aquificota Aquificia Desulfurobacteriia Bdellovibrionota Bacteriovoracia Bdellovibrionia Oligoflexia "Binatota" "Binatia" "Calescibacteriota" "Calescibacteriia" Campylobacterota "Campylobacteria" Desulfurellia "Canglongiota" "Canglongiia" Chrysiogenota Chrysiogenia "Dadaibacteriota" "Dadabacteria" Deferribacterota "Deferribacteria" "Deferrimicrobiota" "Deferrimicrobiia" "Deferrisomatota" Deferrisomatia "Leptospirillaeota" "Leptospirillia" "Lernaellota" "Lernaellia" "Methylomirabilota" "Methylomirabilia" "Moduliflexota" "Moduliflexia" Myxococcota Myxococcia "Bradymonadia" Polyangiia "Nitrosediminicolota" Nitrospinota Nitrospinia Nitrospirota Nitrospiria Thermodesulfovibrionia Pseudomonadota "Anaeropigmentatia" "Caulobacteria" Magnetococcia "Mariprofundia" "Pseudomonadia" "Schekmaniibacteriota" Desulfobacterota G Syntrophorhabdia "Tectimicrobiota" "Entotheonellia" Thermosulfidibacterota Thermosulfidibacteria Thermodesulfobacteriota "Anaeroferrophilia" Desulfarculia "Desulfatiglandia" Desulfobaccia Desulfobacteria Desulfobulbia "Desulfofervidia" Desulfomonilia Desulfovibrionia Desulfuromonadia Dissulfuribacteria Syntrophobacteria Syntrophia "Thermodesulfobacteriia" "Zymogenia"
Incertae sedis	"Babelota" "Babeliae" Fusobacteriota Fusobacteriia "Lindowiibacteriota" "Macinerneyibacteriota" "Macinerneyibacteriia" "Muiribacteriota" "Muiribacteriia" "Rifleibacteriota" "Ozemibacteria" Spirochaetota "Brevinematia" "Brachyspirae" "Exilispiria" "Leptospiria" Spirochaetia "Walliibacteriota"

Incertae sedis

GTDB 09-RS220;LTP_10_2024

Bacterial skin disease

Gram +ve

Bacillota

Staphylococcus	Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome
Streptococcus	Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo CutaneousStreptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas /Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever
Corynebacterium	Erythrasma
Clostridium	Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa
Others	Listeriosis Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Mycoplasma

Actinomycetota

Mycobacterium-
related

Others

Gram -ve

Pseudomonadota

Alpha	Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea-borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill–Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat-scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
Beta	Gonococcemia/Gonorrhea/Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis CutaneousPasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection
Gamma	Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma /Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome /Hot tub folliculitis /Ecthyma gangrenosum /Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection

Campylobacterota

Helicobacter cellulitis

Other

Unspecified
pathogen

Gram-positive bacterial infection:Actinomycetota

Actinomycineae

Actinomycetaceae	Actinomyces israelii Actinomycosis Cutaneous actinomycosis "Tropheryma whipplei" Whipple's disease Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Actinomyces gerencseriae
Propionibacteriaceae	Propionibacterium acnes

Corynebacterineae

Mycobacteriaceae

M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis

M. leprae

Nontuberculous

R1:	M. kansasii M. marinum Aquarium granuloma
R2:	M. gordonae
R3:	M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP MAI infection M. ulcerans Buruli ulcer M. haemophilum
R4/RG:	M. fortuitum M. chelonae M. abscessus

Nocardiaceae

Corynebacteriaceae

Bifidobacteriaceae

Gardnerella vaginalis

Taxon identifiers
Corynebacterium	Wikidata:Q133976 Wikispecies:Corynebacterium CoL:62NVW EoL:83365 EPPO:1CORBG GBIF:3224364 iNaturalist:343305 IRMNG:1065274 ITIS:383 LPSN:corynebacterium.html NBN:NHMSYS0020930112 NCBI:1716 NZOR:db46bd77-101b-4c0f-bcfb-e68d4da750c2 Open Tree of Life:783746 SeqCode Registry:5699 WoRMS:559528