| Corruption Eradication Commission Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi | |
|---|---|
 KPK Emblem | |
| Abbreviation | KPK |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 27 December 2002 |
| Employees | 1651[1] |
| Annual budget | Rp 854.23 Billion[1] |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency | Indonesia |
| Operations jurisdiction | Indonesia |
| Constituting instruments |
|
| Specialist jurisdiction | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Kuningan Persada Kav. K4,Jakarta 12950,Indonesia |
| Agency executive |
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| Website | |
| www | |
TheCorruption Eradication Commission (Indonesian:Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi), abbreviated asKPK, is an Indonesian government agency established to prevent and fightcorruption in the country.[2]
Anti-corruption efforts began in Indonesia in the 1950s.
Following strong criticism of corruption at the beginning of theNew Order regime in the late 1960s aCommission of Four was appointed by presidentSuharto in 1970.[3]
The report of the commission noted that corruption was "rampant" but none of the cases it said were in need of urgent action were followed up on.
Laws were only passed in 1999 giving thePolice andprosecution service the authority to investigate corruption cases.
The KPK was created in 2003 during theMegawati presidency due tohigh corruption in thePost-Suharto era.
Law No.30/2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed in 2002, providing a legal basis for the establishment of the KPK.[4][5]
Since then, the commission has engaged in significant work, revealing and prosecuting cases of corruption in crucial government bodies reaching as high as theSupreme Court.[6][7][8]
The agency is being headed byNawawi Pomolangoad interim.
The KPK vision is to rid Indonesia of corruption. Its duties include investigating and prosecuting corruption cases and monitoring the governance of the state. It has the authority to request meetings and reports in the course of its investigations.
It can also authorize wiretaps, impose travel bans, request financial information about suspects, freeze financial transactions and request the assistance of law enforcement agencies.[9][10]
It also has the authority to detain suspects, including well-known figures, and frequently does so.
The KPK was originally independent and free from the influence of any power in carrying out its duties and authorities.[2]
However, in 2019, the Indonesian legislature passeda bill removing many of the KPK's powers and making its employees civil servants, effectively ending its independence.
The work of the KPK is a source of continuing controversy in Indonesia. The commission is careful, but sometimes quite aggressive, in pursuing high-profile cases.
For example, in reporting on the activities of the KPK, one foreign observer noted that the commission has[11]
"confronted head-on the endemic corruption that remains as a legacy of President Suharto’s 32-year-long kleptocracy. Since it started operating in late 2003, the commission has investigated, prosecuted and achieved a 100-percent conviction rate in 86 cases of bribery and graft related to government procurements and budgets."
To display once more its resolve to crack down on graft suspects, the KPK named on 7 December 2012, both brothers of IndonesiansocialiteRizal Mallarangeng, Indonesia's Sports MinisterAndi Mallarangeng andFox Indonesia consultant Choel Mallarangeng suspects in a multimillion-dollar corruption case, in the latest scandal to hit the PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono's ruling party ahead ofIndonesia's 2014 Presidential election. Mallarangeng is the first minister to resign on graft allegations since the KPK began operating in 2003.[12][13]
KPK public education division official Budiono Prakoso said in December 2008 that because of its limited manpower and resources, of some 16,200 cases reported to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), only a small number had been dealt with.[14]
A large number of the solid reports informed the KPK of alleged cases of corruption and misuse of budget funds by government agencies at national and regional levels. He said,
"The main problem is the political will of the government at regional and national levels. Political will remains low. Everything is still at a lip-service level."
NGO activists often urge the KPK to be more aggressive in its work. For example, Bali Corruption Watch (BCW) head Putu Wirata Dwikora asked the KPK to investigate corruption cases in Bali. He lamented the commission's practice of handing over corruption cases in Bali to the local prosecutor's office for further investigation. Putu said,[14]
"The KPK should be directly involved in investigations to create a deterrent effect."
On the other hand, the success of the KPK in using controversial tools like warrantless wiretaps, and its focus on high-level targets like "businessmen, bureaucrats, bankers, governors, diplomats, lawmakers, prosecutors, police officials and other previously untouchable members of Indonesian society", has led to something of a backlash. There have been reported attempts to undermine the commission inparliament.[15]
During its course, KPK often sees a number of controversial efforts byPeople's Representative Council and other government institutions to weaken or disrupt the work of KPK.
Leaders and prominent of figures of KPK have been repeatedly arrested for a disputable criminal case or receiving personal attacks.
In the view of many Indonesian observers, the "gecko vs crocodile" dispute illustrated the tensions said to exist between the KPK and theIndonesian National Police.
Some high-profile investigations carried out by the KPK have focused on allegations of corruption at senior levels of the police force. This approach is reported to have led to widespread resentment within the police force towards the work of the KPK.[16]
Sharp tensions surfaced in early December 2012 when the KPK took the highly controversial step of detaining Inspector General Djoko Susilo, a senior and active police general, on charges of corruption.[17]
A few days later, president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expressed public concern about the tensions between the KPK and the national police.[18]
In April 2009, angry that the KPK had tapped his phone while investigating a corruption case, Indonesian Police chief detectiveSusno Duadji compared the KPK to a gecko (Indonesian:cicak) fighting a crocodile (Indonesian:buaya), thepolice.
Susno's comment, as it turned out, quickly backfired because the image of acicak standing up to abuaya (similar toDavid and Goliath imagery) immediately had wide appeal in Indonesia.
A noisy popular movement in support of thecicak quickly emerged. Students staged pro-cicak demonstrations, many newspapers ran cartoons withcicaks lining up against an uglybuaya, and numerous TV talk shows took up thecicak versusbuaya topic with enthusiasm.
As a result, references tocicaks fighting abuaya have become a well-known part of the political imagery of Indonesia.[19]
In September two KPK deputy chairmenChandra Hamzah andBibit Samad Rianto, who had been suspended in July, were arrested on charges of extortion and bribery. The two men denied the charges, saying they were being framed to weaken the KPK.
There were demonstrations in several cities in support of the men and a support campaign on theFacebook social networking site gathered one million members.
On 2 November 2009 presidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono established a team to look into the allegations.
The following day, during a hearing at theIndonesian Constitutional Court, dramatic tapes were played of bugged phone conversations apparently revealing a conspiracy to undermine the KPK.
The names of businessman Susno Duadji as well as Deputy Attorney General Abdul Hakim Ritonga and a businessman, Anggodo Widjojo, were mentioned in the tapes. Bibit and Chandra were released later the same day.[20][21][22]
The team established by the president, the "Team of Eight", presented its recommendations on 17 November 2009.
These included a halt to the prosecution of Bibit and Chandra, punishment for officials guilty of wrongdoing and the establishment of a state commission to implement institutional reforms of law enforcement agencies.
The president said he would respond within the week.[23]
On 23 November 2009 the president made a speech responding to the Team of Eight's findings.
He said that it would be better if the Bibit-Chandra case were settled out of court but did not call for the case to be dropped. He also said there was a need for reforms within the Indonesian National Police, the Attorney General's office and the KPK.
His speech caused confusion among Team of Eight members and provoked a protest from activists who symbolically threw in their towels as a way of criticising what they judged to be the president's unconvincing response.
On 3 December 2009, the president was officially informed that charges against Bibit and Chandra had been dropped.[24][25][26]
On 10 November, at the trial of KPK chairmanAntasari Azhar, who had been arrested in May for allegedly organising the murder of a businessman, former South Jakarta police chief Williardi Wizard testified that senior police officers had asked him to help them frame Azhari.[27]
The arrest of KPK deputy chairmanBambang Widjojanto byIndonesian Police on 23 January 2015 revived the "gecko vs crocodile" dispute.
The arrest was made after the commission declared theparliament-approved candidate for the chief of Indonesian PoliceBudi Gunawan a suspect in a gratification case on 14 February, just days before his scheduled inauguration.[28]
The Indonesian public saw the arrest as an attack against KPK, and there was immediate support for the KPK.
Immediately after the news of his arrest broke, various groups demonstrating in front of KPK headquarters inSouth Jakarta to show support for the organization.[29]
Netizens also created thehashtag #SaveKPK and it emerged as a worldwide trending topic on social mediaTwitter.[30]
On 17 September 2019, the People's Representative Council passed a bill revising Law No.30/2002 about Corruption Eradication in the country, which triggered a backlash by people taking the view that the revised bill would weaken the ability of the KPK to operate and perform investigations into corruption cases.[31]
The revised bill was deliberated and passed in only 12 days in the House. In a statement, the KPK said that it was not involved consulted over in the discussion of the revision.[32][33]
A series of mass demonstrations led by students took place in major cities of Indonesia from 23 September 2019 to protest against the KPK Law revision, as well as several bills.[34]
The protesters were mainly students from more than 300 universities, and had no association with any particular political parties or groups.[34]
The protests subsequently developed into the largeststudent movement in Indonesia since the 1998 demonstrations thatbrought down the Suharto regime.[35][36]
Under the revised law, the KPK commissioners had their authority to investigate alleged corruption and to prosecute people reduced. In addition, an oversight council was appointed, which had to approve all wiretapping in advance.
Finally, as a result of the revised law, all KPK staff had to take a nationalism test, which 75 failed, making them eligible for dismissal.
The remaining staff lost their independent status and were sworn in as civil servants on 31 May 2021.
Among those failing was senior investigatorNovel Baswedan, who had handled a number of cases involving senior government officials and police officers. He was dismissed on 30 September 2021, along with 57 other staff members.[37][38]
Resources provided to the KPK have expanded in recent years.
However, the work of the commission is still restricted by limited budgets and a small number of total staff.
KPK: Budget and staff, 2008 - 2011[39]
| Year | Budget Rp bn | Budget $US mn | KPK Staff | $US per staff member |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 233 | 24.6 | 540 | 45,550 |
| 2009 | 315 | 33.3 | 652 | 51,070 |
| 2010 | 431 | 45.5 | 638 | 71,320 |
| 2011 | 540 | 57.0 | 752 | 75,800 |
