Corporal is amilitary rank in use by the armed forces of many countries. It is also a police rank in some police services. The rank is usually the lowest rankingnon-commissioned officer. In some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding asection orsquad of soldiers.
Corporal is the second lowest of the non-commissioned officer ranks in theAustralian Army, falling betweenlance-corporal andsergeant. A corporal is usually appointed as a section commander, and is in charge of 7–14 soldiers of private rank. They are assisted by a second-in-command, usually a lance-corporal or senior private. A Corporal within Artillery is known as abombardier. Corporal is also a rank of theRoyal Australian Air Force, being equal to both the Australian Army andRoyal Air Force rank of corporal.
The branches of theBelgian Armed Forces use three ranks of corporal: corporal (Dutch:korporaal,French:caporal), master corporal (Dutch:korporaal-chef,French:caporal-chef) and 1st master corporal (Dutch:1ste korporaal-chef,French:1e caporal-chef). Corporal is equivalent toNATO Rank Code OR-3, whereas master corporal and 1st master corporal are equivalent to OR-4. The rank immediately below corporal is1st private and the rank directly above 1st master corporal issergeant.
Units with a cavalry, artillery or Logistic Corps (Transport unit) tradition replace Corporal by "Brigadier".
The equivalent of these ranks in the Naval Component arequartermaster, chief quartermaster and 1st chief quartermaster.
The rank insignia of a corporal is a two-bar chevron, point down, worn in gold thread on both upper sleeves of the service dress jacket; in rifle green (army) or dark blue (air force) thread onCADPAT slip-ons for operational dress; in old gold thread on blue slip-ons on other air force uniforms; and in gold metal and green enamel miniature pins on the collars of the army dress shirt and outerwear coats. On army ceremonial uniforms, it is usually rendered in gold braid (black for rifle regiments), on either both sleeves, or just the right, depending on unit custom.
Corporal is the first non-commissioned officer rank, and the lowest rank officially empowered to issue a lawful command. Corporals can lead troops if they have the formal qualifications to be promoted to master corporal but have not been promoted yet. However, the rank of corporal was severely downgraded afterUnification, along with the attendant responsibilities. A corporal in the Canadian Army in 1967 had the same duties and responsibilities that a sergeant has today. In an infantry section, a corporal will sometimes command anassault team if a master corporal is leading the section or they are pending promotion to master corporal.
Another effect of Unification was to delete the appointments oflance-corporal andlance-sergeant (a corporal holding the acting rank of sergeant). The former is still common in otherCommonwealth militaries.
Corporal is deemed to be the substantive rank of the members carrying the appointment of master corporal. On pay documents, corporal was formerly listed as "Cpl (A)" and master corporal as "Cpl (B)".
In rifle regiments, a distinction was historically drawn between a corporal and an acting corporal;The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada had a special insignia to distinguish between the two.
Corporal or Korporal was the most junior NCO grade in many German partial states ofDeutscher Bund, before the term was replaced by the wordUnteroffizier in the middle of the 19th century.
In September 2021, theBundeswehr reimplemented the grade of Korporal, but this time as a senior enlisted rank below NCO level. Additionally, a completely new rank was created with the grade ofStabskorporal what is the most senior enlisted rank now.[4] Both ranks are classified OR-4 in theNATO rank code system. In the Bundeswehr, both ranks share paygrade A6 with thejunior NCO rankStabsunteroffizier.
There are three ranks of corporal (French:caporal). In theFrench Army, these are notNCO ranks, but enlisted ones. The corporals are called "ranked" (gradés).Non-commissioned officers start at the rank ofsergent.
Corporal in theIndian Air Force is aNon-commissioned officer (NCO) rank. Corporals assist in maintaining discipline, overseeing technical or operational tasks in their unit, and serves as a link between senior JCOs and junior airmen.
The main role of an infantry corporal is either to command asection as the section commander or to command the fire support group as the second in command of the section. All corporals are qualified instructors on drill, section weapons, and fieldcraft.
In the Artillery Corps, the corporal is normally assigned to a gun detachment as alayer, or a detachment commander. Artillery corporals can also find themselves in charge of the battery signals section.
The army rank insignia consists of two winged chevrons (or "stripes"), the dress uniform being red chevrons with a yellow border.
Before 1994, the Air Corps was considered part of the army and wore army uniforms with distinct corps badges but the same rank insignia. With the introduction of a unique Air Corps blue uniform in 1994, the same rank markings in a white colour were worn, before the introduction of a new two-chevron badge with wing rank marking.
A soldier used to get promoted from private (soldato) to corporal rank (caporale) after 3 months of service until 2014, After 2014 they have to pass a selection to be promoted to corporal.[8] The title was used as a senior office in theItalian Kingdom duringWorld War II.
TheNew Zealand Defence Force awards the corporal rank to soldiers or airmen after 6 or 7 years of service. There is substantial responsibility on the part of a corporal in theNew Zealand Army andRoyal New Zealand Air Force. They usually command a small team and work closely with their sergeants. A pay increase is also given.
Like their British, Canadian and Australian counterparts, they wear two chevrons to distinguish their rank.
Corporals have what is termed 'power of arrest', and is impressed on recruits in RNZAF basic training. Basically, this power means that any airman or private disobeying or ignoring an order from a corporal will be subject to military arrest by that individual. Power of arrest is used by higher ranks to enforce their orders, corporal in the RNZAF being the lowest rank with this power.
As of 8 February 2019, a new ranking classification for thePhilippine National Police was adopted, eliminating confusion of old ranks. The rank of corporal is included on the new ranking classification. It is the second from the bottom, placing above the rank of Patrolman and below policestaff sergeant.
In thePolish Land Forces, the rank ofkapral is the lowest rank in theNCO corps (OR-3 in NATO code). Most commonly the rank is held by a NCO commanding an infantry squad, tank or gun crew, or a similar unit. The equivalent rank in thePolish Navy ismat.
As with many other military ranks, direct comparison between various armies might be misleading. Before World War II, the Polish Army'skapral was more or less equivalent to the British rank oflance corporal, while the British rank of corporal was namedplutonowy (lit.platooner). In modern times, the rank is still equivalent to a UK lance corporal or aprivate first class in the U.S. Army (OR-3), while the British and American rank of corporal (OR-4) is equivalent to the Polish rank ofstarszy kapral (lit.'senior corporal'), which was introduced in 1971.
Historically, the rank was first introduced in Poland in the 17th century, together with mercenary troops of Italian origin. In foreign troops on the royal payroll, akapral commanded four ranks ofmusketeers or part of a company ofpikemen. In the 20th century, between the world wars, the rank of corporal was held by both conscripted NCOs and professional soldiers alike. This was changed afterWorld War II, when the Polish Army was under Soviet command and the rank ofkapral was modified to resemble that of Sovietjunior sergeant, reserved for conscripted NCOs. In the modern Polish Army, the rank is exclusively reserved for professional soldiers.
The insignia ofkapral (worn on shoulder straps or badge above breast pocket) are two bars.
ThePortuguese Navy has the rank ofcabo da Armada (corporal of the Navy). All other branches of thePortuguese Armed Forces have several ranks of corporal (cabo inPortuguese). ThePortuguese Army and thePortuguese Air Force have the ranks ofsegundo cabo (second corporal),primeiro cabo (first corporal) andcabo-adjunto (corporal adjudant). TheNational Republican Guard has the ranks ofcabo (corporal),cabo-chefe (chief corporal) andcabo-mor (corporal-major).
The several ranks of corporal correspond to the severalpay grades, above that of private, that can be reached inside theenlisted rank professional category of the Army, the Air Force and the National Republican Guard. In the Navy, the rank ofcabo da Armada is the highest pay grade in the enlisted rank category.
The rank of corporal (Russian:капрал) existed in the Russian Army from 1647 to 1798, when it was replaced with that ofnon-commissioned officer (Russian:унтер-офицер, fromGerman:Unteroffizier, literally "sub-officer").Soviet and modern Russian armies have the rank of "yefreytor" (derived from the GermanGefreiter) as the highest rank of enlisted personnel, below lance (or junior) sergeant (Russian:младший сержант) which are assigned as squad leaders.
Prior to 1992, the SAF followed the British model where corporals werenon-commissioned officers often holding the appointment ofsection leader. Today, a corporal is not aspecialist (NCO-equivalent). Corporals are usually given higher responsibilities/ appointments as a section 2IC, or 2nd-in-command.[10]
For NCC, the rank insignia is same as that of an SAF CPL, except that the letters 'NCC' are below the insignia, so as to differentiate NCCcadets from SAF personnel. As for NPCC and NCDCC, the rank insignia is two pointed-down chevrons with the letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' below the insignia, so as to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC cadets fromSingapore Police Force andSingapore Civil Defence Force personnel, respectively.
The rank of Corporal is generally awarded to cadets in Secondary Two, or Secondary Three. Corporals, after being appointed, are given training to command a squad.
Since 2015, the Corporal (Ukrainian:капрал,romanized: kapral), was introduced in theNational Police of Ukraine, that is a special rank of junior quarterdeck. It corresponds to former juniorsergeant ofmilitia. Also since 2018–19, the Corporal (Ukrainian:капрал,romanized: kapral) was introduced in the Court Security Service (Ukrainian:Служба судової охорони,romanized: Sluzhba Sudovoi ohorony), and theDBR (Ukrainian:Державне бюро розслідувань,romanized: State Bureau of Investigation) as a special rank of junior quarterdeck.
The badge of rank is a two-barchevron (also known as "stripes", "tapes", or "hooks"). A corporal's role varies between regiments; but, in the standard infantry role, a corporal commands asection, with a lance-corporal assecond-in-command (2ic). When the section is split intofire teams, they command one each. In theRoyal Armoured Corps, a corporal commands an individualtank. Their duties therefore largely correspond to those ofstaff sergeants in the United States Army and corporals are often described as the "backbone" of the British Army.
In theHousehold Cavalry, all non-commissioned ranks are designated as different grades of corporal up toregimental corporal major (who is awarrant officer class 1). There is no effective actual rank of corporal, however, and the ranks progress directly from lance-corporal tolance-corporal of horse (who is effectively equivalent to a corporal; technically, a lance-corporal of horse holds the rank of corporal but is automatically give the appointment of lance-corporal of horse). Similarly, in theFoot Guards and in theHonourable Artillery Company, every Corporal is appointed as alance-sergeant meaning they wear three chevrons rather than the regular two, with a lance-corporal wearing two chevrons instead of one: this is sometimes said to have originated withQueen Victoria who did not like "her own guardsmen" having only one chevron.[14]
A common nickname for a corporal is a "full screw", with lance-corporals being known as "lance-jacks".
Corporal is the lowest NCO rank in theRoyal Air Force (aside from the RAF Regiment who have lance-corporals), coming betweenjunior technician orSenior aircraftman technician andsergeant in the technical trades, orsenior aircraftman andsergeant in the non-technical trades. Between 1950 and 1964, corporals in technical trades were known as "corporal technicians" and wore their chevrons point up.
TheArmy Cadet Force,Combined Cadet Force,Air Training Corps, Royal Marines sections of theSea Cadet Corps and the Combined Cadet Force all have the rank of corporal, reflecting the structure of their parent service; therefore it is the second NCO rank of the ACF, CCF (including the RAF Section, which has the rank oflance corporal) and marine cadets, and the first NCO rank in the ATC.
In theU.S. Army, corporal is preceded by the first three forms ofprivate and the rank ofspecialist.[15] A corporal rank shares the same pay grade (E-4) as a specialist, though unlike a specialist, a corporal is anon-commissioned officer and may direct the activities of other soldiers.[16]
The rank of corporal dates to theRevolutionary War. Eachcompany in theContinental Army was divided into four squads, with theenlisted contingent of each comprising a sergeant, a corporal, and nineteen privates. The corporal, along with the superior sergeant, were responsible for the care, discipline, and training of their men.[17] After theCivil War, U.S. Army infantry strategy increasingly focused on units below the company level.[18] In 1891, asquad was defined as an eight-man unit led by a corporal, a definition which held through World War I until the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II.[18]
In 1940, with the recognition of the increasing importance of small-unit tactics, the size of the squad was increased to twelve men, now led by asergeant, with a corporal as assistant squad leader.[18] In February 1944, the squad leader became astaff sergeant, assisted by a sergeant, dropping the corporal from the infantry company's chain of command.[19] As a result of this "steady inflation" of the NCO corps, writes historian Ernest F. Fisher, "the rank of corporal came to mean very little in a line organization, though the corporal was in theory and by tradition a combat leader."[20] After theKorean War, squad leaders were further promoted tosergeant first class (E-7), and the "once-honored rank of corporal sank into oblivion."[20]
As of July 2021, specialists who are graduates of theBasic Leader Course (BLC) and who have been recommended for promotion are to become corporals before further promotion; conversely current corporals who have not yet graduated from BLC will be laterally reassigned as specialists until they have graduated from BLC.[21] No change in pay is involved, but corporals are expected to lead, teach, and mentor their teams.[22]
Corporal is the fourth enlisted rank in theU.S. Marine Corps,[23] ranking immediately abovelance corporal and immediately belowsergeant. The Marine Corps, unlike the Army, has no other rank at the pay grade of E-4. Corporal is the lowest grade of non-commissioned officer[24] in the U.S. Marine Corps, though promotion to corporal traditionally confers a significant jump in authority and responsibility compared to promotion from private through lance corporal. Marine infantry corporals generally serve as "fireteam leaders", leading a four-man team or weapons crew of similar size (e.g., assault weapons squad, medium machine gun team, orLWCMS mortar squad).
In practice, however, thebillet of fire team leader is generally held by a lance corporal, while corporals serve in the squad leader billet that would normally be held by a sergeant (E-5) in infantry units.[25] In support units, corporals generally serve in "journeyman" level roles in which they direct the activities of junior Marines and provide technical supervision, on a very limited scope, under the direct supervision of a sergeant or SNCO.
Due to its emphasis on small-unit tactics, its infantry-centric ethos, and its tradition of empowering junior NCOs to exercise first-level leadership, the U.S. Marine Corps' Tables of Organization (TOs) usually places corporals (as well as sergeants and staff sergeants) in billets where other services would normally have higher ranking NCOs in authority. For example, the USMC Table of Organization "billet" rank for rifle fire team leader, rifle squad leader, and rifle platoon sergeant is corporal (E-4), sergeant (E-5), and staff sergeant (E-6), respectively. However, the same positions (Table of Organization and Equipment "slots") in US Army infantry units are one grade higher and, except in fire teams (both services with four men in each team), the equivalent Army units are smaller (viz., USMC rifle squad and rifle platoon – 13 men and 43 men, respectively, vice US Army rifle squad and rifle platoon – 9 men and 34 men, respectively). Specifically, for the Army rifle units, the rank of the fire team, squad leader, and platoon sergeant are: sergeant (E-5), staff sergeant (E-6), and sergeant first class (E-7), respectively.[26] Similarly, the term "strategic corporal" refers to the special responsibilities conferred upon a Marine corporal over against the normal responsibilities, and usual authority, of service members in the grade of E-4 in the other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.[27]
Drill instructors in the United States Marine Corps normally hold ranks from sergeant (E-5) through gunnery sergeant (E-7), though per Marine Corps Orders 1326.6 (2019), "Mature and otherwise qualified Corporals may be assigned, with an approved exception to policy."[28]
The history of the rank of corporal in the USMC[29] roughly parallels that of the U.S. Army[30] until 1942. From 1775 until WWII, the Marine Corps used essentially the same rank and organizational structure as its common British and colonial forebears with the Army, as well as the later Continental and U.S. armies. In 1942, as the Army modified itstriangular division infantry organization to best fight in the European/North African/Middle Eastern Theatre the Marine Corps began modifying the triangular division plan to best employ its amphibious warfare doctrine in the Pacific Theatre. This meant that for the Corps, squad leaders would remain as sergeants and that the rifle squad would be sub-divided into three four-man fire teams each led by a corporal.
When theUnited States Air Force was separated from the US Army in 1947, corporal (E-3) became the most juniorNCO grade – below sergeant – of this newly created independent branch of the United States Armed Forces. It was replaced by Airman 2nd Class (E-3) in April 1952 respectivelyAirman 1st Class (E-3, previously E-4) in October 1967, both enlisted ranks below NCO level.
In the same process sergeant was first replaced by Airman 1st class in 1952 (E-4, becoming E-3 in 1967). The title sergeant was reimplated in E-4 as lowest NCO rank from October 1967 to March 1991. From 1976, sergeant shared his paygrade withSenior airman (since then the most senior enlisted rank below NCO status), before phasing out in the late 1990s.[31]
For theArmy andAir Force,first sergeants are temporary and lateral ranks and are senior to their non-diamond counterparts, whileMarine Corps first sergeants have no lateral movement within paygrade and is a permanent rank.
The rank insignia is used by other Coast Guard senior enlisted leaders.
^abFisher, Ernest F. (1994).Guardians of the Republic: A History of the Noncommissoned Officer Corps of the U.S. Army. New York: Ballantine. pp. 250–277.ISBN0-449-90923-9.
^USMC Table of Organization, TO 1013G: Rifle Company, Infantry Battalion, Infantry Regiment and US Army Table of Organization and Equipment, TOE 07015C000: Rifle Company, Infantry Battalion (Light), Light Infantry Division
^Tartter, Jean R. (1989). "National Security". InMetz, Helen Chapin (ed.).Libya: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 270–271.LCCN88600480. Retrieved28 October 2021.
^"Grades".Armee.lu. Luxembourg Army. Archived fromthe original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved24 February 2018.
^Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985)."National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.).Morocco: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351.LCCN85600265. Retrieved16 September 2023.
^"Government Notice"(PDF).Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved20 December 2021.