Visible at latitudes between +90° and −50°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month ofJune.
Corona Borealis is a smallconstellation in theNorthern Celestial Hemisphere. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and remains one of the88 modern constellations. Its brighteststars form a semicircular arc. Its Latin name, inspired by its shape, means "northern crown". Inclassical mythology Corona Borealis generally represented the crown given by the godDionysus to the Cretan princessAriadne and set by her in the heavens. Other cultures likened the pattern to a circle of elders, an eagle's nest, a bear's den or a smokehole. Ptolemy also listed a southern counterpart,Corona Australis, with a similar pattern.
The brightest star is themagnitude 2.2Alpha Coronae Borealis. The yellow supergiantR Coronae Borealis is the prototype of a rare class of giant stars—theR Coronae Borealis variables—that are extremely hydrogen deficient, and thought to result from the merger of two white dwarfs.T Coronae Borealis, also known as the Blaze Star, is another unusual type of variable star known as arecurrent nova. Normally of magnitude 10, it last flared up to magnitude 2 in 1946, and is predicted to do the same in 2025.ADS 9731 andSigma Coronae Borealis are multiple star systems with six and five components respectively. Five stars in the constellation hostJupiter-sizedexoplanets.Abell 2065 is a highly concentratedgalaxy cluster one billion light-years from the Solar System containing more than 400 members, and is itself part of the largerCorona Borealis Supercluster.
The seven stars that make up the constellation's distinctive crown-shaped pattern are all 4th-magnitude stars except for the brightest of them,Alpha Coronae Borealis. The other six stars areTheta,Beta,Gamma,Delta,Epsilon andIota Coronae Borealis. The German cartographerJohann Bayer gave twenty stars in Corona BorealisBayer designations from Alpha to Upsilon in his 1603star atlasUranometria. Zeta Coronae Borealis was noted to be a double star by later astronomers and its components designatedZeta1 andZeta2.John Flamsteed did likewise with Nu Coronae Borealis; classed by Bayer as a single star, it was noted to be two close stars by Flamsteed. He named them 20 and 21 Coronae Borealis inhis catalogue, alongside the designationsNu1 andNu2 respectively.[9] Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, addingPi andRho Coronae Borealis.[10] Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal toapparent magnitude 6.5.[b][5]
The constellation Corona Borealis as it can be seen by the naked eye
Located 112±3 light-years away,[16]Beta Coronae Borealis or Nusakan is aspectroscopic binary system whose two components are separated by 10 AU and orbit each other every 10.5 years.[18] The brighter component is arapidly oscillating Ap star,[19] pulsating with a period of 16.2 minutes. Of spectral type A5V with asurface temperature of around 7980 K, it has around 2.1 M☉, 2.6 solar radii (R☉), and 25.3 L☉. The smaller star is of spectral type F2V with a surface temperature of around 6750 K, and has around 1.4 M☉, 1.56 R☉, and between 4 and 5 L☉.[19] Near Nusakan isTheta Coronae Borealis, a binary system that shines with a combined magnitude of 4.13 located 380±20 light-years distant.[16] The brighter component, Theta Coronae Borealis A, is a blue-white star that spins extremely rapidly—at a rate of around 393 km per second. ABe star, it is surrounded by a debris disk.[20]
Flanking Alpha to the east is Gamma Coronae Borealis, yet another binary star system, whose components orbit each other every 92.94 years and are roughly as far apart from each other as the Sun and Neptune.[21] The brighter component has been classed as aDelta Scuti variable star,[22] though this view is not universal.[21] The components are main sequence stars of spectral types B9V and A3V.[23] Located 170±2 light-years away,[16] 4.06-magnitudeDelta Coronae Borealis is a yellow giant star of spectral type G3.5III that is around 2.4 M☉ and has swollen to 7.4 R☉. It has a surface temperature of 5180 K.[24] For most of its existence, Delta Coronae Borealis was ablue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B before it ran out of hydrogen fuel in its core. Its luminosity and spectrum suggest it has just crossed theHertzsprung gap, having finished burning core hydrogen and just begun burning hydrogen in a shell that surrounds the core.[25]
Zeta Coronae Borealis is a double star with two blue-white components 6.3 arcseconds apart that can be readily separated at 100x magnification. The primary is of magnitude 5.1 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.[26]Nu Coronae Borealis is anoptical double, whose components are a similar distance from Earth but have differentradial velocities, hence are assumed to be unrelated.[27] The primary,Nu1 Coronae Borealis, is ared giant of spectral type M2III and magnitude 5.2, lying 640±30 light-years distant,[16][28] and the secondary,Nu2 Coronae Borealis, is an orange-hued giant star of spectral type K5III and magnitude 5.4, estimated to be 590±30 light-years away.[16][29]Sigma Coronae Borealis, on the other hand, is a true multiple star system divisible by small amateur telescopes.[13] It is actually a complex system composed of two stars around as massive as the Sun that orbit each other every 1.14 days, orbited by a third Sun-like star every 726 years. The fourth and fifth components are a binaryred dwarf system that is 14,000 AU distant from the other three stars.[30]ADS 9731 is an even rarer multiple system in the constellation, composed of six stars, two of which are spectroscopic binaries.[31][c]
Corona Borealis is home to two remarkablevariable stars.[32]T Coronae Borealis is acataclysmic variable star also known as the Blaze Star.[33] Normally placid around magnitude 10—it has a minimum of 10.2 and maximum of 9.9—it brightens to magnitude 2 in a period of hours, caused by anuclear reaction and the subsequent explosion. T Coronae Borealis is one of a handful of stars calledrecurrent novae, which includeT Pyxidis andU Scorpii. An outburst of T Coronae Borealis was first recorded in 1866; its second recorded outburst was in February 1946.[34][35] T Coronae Borealis started dimming in March 2023 and it is known that before it goes nova it dims for about a year; for this reason it was initially expected to go nova at any time between March and September, 2024.[36] T Coronae Borealis is abinary star with a red-hued giant primary and awhite dwarf secondary, the two stars orbiting each other over a period of approximately 8 months.[37]R Coronae Borealis is a yellow-hued variablesupergiant star, over 7000 light-years from Earth, and prototype of a class of stars known asR Coronae Borealis variables. Normally of magnitude 6, its brightness periodically drops as low as magnitude 15 and then slowly increases over the next several months.[38] These declines in magnitude come about as dust that has been ejected from the star obscures it. Direct imaging with theHubble Space Telescope shows extensive dust clouds out to a radius of around 2000 AU from the star, corresponding with a stream of fine dust (composed of grains 5 nm in diameter) associated with the star's stellar wind and coarser dust (composed of grains with a diameter of around 0.14 μm) ejected periodically.[39]
There are several other variables of reasonable brightness for amateur astronomer to observe, including threeMira-type long period variables:[32]S Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 5.8 and 14.1 over a period of 360 days.[40] Located around 1946 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity 16,643 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3033 K.[41] One of the reddest stars in the sky,[32]V Coronae Borealis is a cool star with a surface temperature of 2877 K that shines with a luminosity 102,831 times that of the Sun and is a remote 8810 light-years distant from Earth.[41] Varying between magnitudes 6.9 and 12.6 over a period of 357 days,[42] it is located near the junction of the border of Corona Borealis with Hercules and Bootes.[32] Located 1.5° northeast ofTau Coronae Borealis,W Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 7.8 and 14.3 over a period of 238 days.[43] Another red giant,RR Coronae Borealis is aM3-typesemiregular variable star that varies between magnitudes 7.3 and 8.2 over 60.8 days.[44]RS Coronae Borealis is yet another semiregular variable red giant, which ranges between magnitudes 8.7 to 11.6 over 332 days.[45] It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion (greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year).[46] Meanwhile,U Coronae Borealis is an Algol-type eclipsing binary star system whose magnitude varies between 7.66 and 8.79 over a period of 3.45 days[47]
TY Coronae Borealis is apulsating white dwarf (of ZZ Ceti) type, which is around 70% as massive as the Sun, yet has only 1.1% of its diameter.[48] Discovered in 1990,UW Coronae Borealis is alow-mass X-ray binary system composed of a star less massive than the Sun and a neutron star surrounded by anaccretion disk that draws material from the companion star. It varies in brightness in an unusually complex manner: the two stars orbit each other every 111 minutes, yet there is another cycle of 112.6 minutes, which corresponds to the orbit of the disk around the degenerate star. The beat period of 5.5 days indicates the time the accretion disk—which is asymmetrical—takes toprecess around the star.[49]
Extrasolar planets have been confirmed in five star systems, four of which were found by theradial velocity method. The spectrum ofEpsilon Coronae Borealis was analysed for seven years from 2005 to 2012, revealing a planet around 6.7 times as massive asJupiter (MJ) orbiting every 418 days at an average distance of around 1.3 AU.[50] Epsilon itself is a 1.7 M☉ orange giant of spectral type K2III that has swollen to 21 R☉ and 151 L☉.[51]Kappa Coronae Borealis is a spectral type K1IV orange subgiant nearly twice as massive as the Sun; around it lies a dust debris disk,[14] and one planet with a period of 3.4 years.[52] This planet's mass is estimated at2.5MJ. The dimensions of the debris disk indicate it is likely there is a second substellar companion.[53]Omicron Coronae Borealis is a K-typeclump giant with one confirmed planet with a mass of0.83MJ that orbits every 187 days—one of the two least massive planets known around clump giants.[52]HD 145457 is an orange giant of spectral type K0III found to have one planet of2.9MJ. Discovered by the Doppler method in 2010, it takes 176 days to complete an orbit.[54]XO-1 is a magnitude 11yellow main-sequence star located approximately 560 light-years away,[55] of spectral type G1V with a mass and radius similar to the Sun. In 2006 thehot Jupiter exoplanetXO-1b was discovered orbiting XO-1 by thetransit method using theXO Telescope. Roughly the size of Jupiter, it completes an orbit around its star every three days.[56]
The discovery of a Jupiter-sized planetary companion was announced in 1997 via analysis of the radial velocity of Rho Coronae Borealis, a yellow main sequence star andSolar analog of spectral type G0V,[57] around 57 light-years distant from Earth.[58] More accurate measurement of data from theHipparcos satellite subsequently showed it instead to be a low-mass star somewhere between 100 and 200 times the mass of Jupiter.[59] Possible stable planetary orbits in thehabitable zone were calculated for the binary starEta Coronae Borealis,[60] which is composed of two stars—yellow main sequence stars of spectral type G1V and G3V respectively—similar in mass and spectrum to the Sun.[61] No planet has been found, but a brown dwarf companion about 63 times as massive as Jupiter with a spectral type of L8 was discovered at a distance of 3640 AU from the pair in 2001.[62]
Corona Borealis contains few galaxies observable with amateur telescopes.[63]NGC 6085 and6086 are a faintspiral andelliptical galaxy respectively close enough to each other to be seen in the same visual field through a telescope.[64]Abell 2142 is a huge (six million light-year diameter),X-ray luminousgalaxy cluster that is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters. It has aredshift of 0.0909 (meaning it is moving away from us at 27,250 km/s) and a visual magnitude of 16.0. It is about 1.2billion light-years away.[d][65] Another galaxy cluster in the constellation,RX J1532.9+3021, is approximately 3.9 billionlight-years from Earth.[66] At the cluster's center is a large elliptical galaxy containing one of themost massive and most powerfulsupermassive black holes yet discovered.[66]Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster containing more than 400 members, the brightest of which are 16th magnitude; the cluster is more than one billion light-years from Earth.[33] On a larger scale still, Abell 2065, along withAbell 2061,Abell 2067,Abell 2079,Abell 2089, andAbell 2092, make up theCorona Borealis Supercluster.[67] Another galaxy cluster,Abell 2162, is a member of theHercules Superclusters.[68]
InGreek mythology, Corona Borealis was linked to the legend ofTheseus and the minotaur. It was generally considered to represent a crown given byDionysus toAriadne, the daughter ofMinos of Crete, after she had been abandoned by the Athenian princeTheseus. When she wore the crown at her marriage to Dionysus, he placed it in the heavens to commemorate their wedding.[33] An alternative version has the besotted Dionysus give the crown to Ariadne, who in turn gives it to Theseus after he arrives in Crete to kill theminotaur that the Cretans have demanded tribute from Athens to feed. The hero uses the crown's light to escape the labyrinth after disposing of the creature, and Dionysus later sets it in the heavens.De astronomia, attributed toHyginus, linked it to a crown or wreath worn by Bacchus (Dionysus) to disguise his appearance when first approachingMount Olympus and revealing himself to the gods, having been previously hidden as yet another child of Jupiter's trysts with a mortal, in this caseSemele. Its proximity to the constellationsHercules (whichDe astronomia reports was once attributed to Theseus, among others) andLyra (Theseus' lyre in one account) could indicate that the three constellations were invented as a group.[69] Corona Borealis was one of the 48 constellations mentioned in theAlmagest of classical astronomerPtolemy.[9]
InWelsh mythology, it was calledCaer Arianrhod, "the Castle of the Silver Circle", and was the heavenly abode of the LadyArianrhod.[71] To the ancient Balts, Corona Borealis was known asDarželis, the "flower garden".[72]
The Arabs called the constellation Alphecca (a name later given to Alpha Coronae Borealis), which means "separated" or "broken up" (الفكةal-Fakkah), a reference to the resemblance of the stars of Corona Borealis to a loose string of jewels.[73] This was also interpreted as a broken dish.[74] Among theBedouins, the constellation was known asqaṣʿat al-masākīn (قصعة المساكين), or "the dish/bowl of the poor people".[75]
TheSkidi people ofNative Americans saw the stars of Corona Borealis representing a council of stars whose chief wasPolaris.[76] The constellation also symbolised the smokehole over a fireplace, which conveyed their messages to the gods, as well as how chiefs should come together to consider matters of importance.[77] TheShawnee people saw the stars as theHeavenly Sisters, who descended from the sky every night to dance on earth. Alphecca signifies the youngest and most comely sister, who was seized by a hunter who transformed into a field mouse to get close to her. They married though she later returned to the sky, with her heartbroken husband and son following later.[74] TheMi'kmaq of eastern Canada saw Corona Borealis asMskegwǒm, the den of the celestial bear (Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta Ursae Majoris).[78]
Polynesian peoples often recognized Corona Borealis; the people of theTuamotus named itNa Kaua-ki-tokerau and probablyTe Hetu. The constellation was likely calledKaua-mea inHawaii,Rangawhenua inNew Zealand, andTe Wale-o-Awitu in the Cook Islands atoll ofPukapuka. Its name inTonga was uncertain; it was either calledAo-o-Uvea orKau-kupenga.[79]
InAustralian Aboriginal astronomy, the constellation is calledwomera ("theboomerang") due to the shape of the stars.[80] The Wailwun people of northwestern New South Wales saw Corona Borealis asmullion wollai "eagle's nest", withAltair andVega—each calledmullion—the pair of eagles accompanying it.[81] TheWardaman people of northern Australia held the constellation to be a gathering point for Men's Law, Women's Law and Law of both sexes come together and consider matters of existence.[82]
Corona Borealis was renamed Corona Firmiana in honour of the Archbishop of Salzburg in the 1730 AtlasMercurii Philosophicii Firmamentum Firminianum Descriptionem by Corbinianus Thomas, but this was not taken up by subsequent cartographers.[83] The constellation was featured as a main plot ingredient in the short story "Hypnos" byH. P. Lovecraft, published in 1923; it is the object of fear of one of the protagonists in the short story.[84] Finnish bandCadacross released an album titledCorona Borealis in 2002.[85]
^While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 50°S and64°S, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[5]
^Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.[11]
^The components are organised thus: Aa and Ab are yellow-white main sequence stars of spectral types F4V and F5V and 1.35 and 1.32 solar masses respectively, which orbit each other every 3.27 days. This pair is in a 450-year orbit with star B, a star of spectral type G4V that has around the same mass as the Sun. Star C is a yellow white star of spectral type F3V around 1.41 times as massive as the Sun, which has just started brightening and moving off the main sequence. It is in a 1000-year orbit with a pair of stars, Da and Db, a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F7V and a red dwarf of spectral type M3V. Da and Db take 14.28 days to orbit each other. Finally the system of stars C and Dab, and the system of stars Aab and B, take more than 20,000 years to orbit each other.[31]
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