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 Ivan, a 5 year old Corlay, won first prize in Paris in 1911 and 1912. | |
| Country of origin | Brittany, France |
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| Use | Riding horse |
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| Color | Chestnut, buckskin, and bay |
TheCorlay horse is a breed ofhalf-blood horse resulting from crossbreeding around the town of Corlay in Brittany, between localBreton bidetmares and importedstallions, primarilyThoroughbreds. Intended for racing, this variety ofBreton horse is reputed to have impressedNapoleon III with its steeplechase abilities. As a result, local breeders specialized in this racehorse, optimizing its feed by addingmaerl to the diet. Corlay horse breeding gained an excellent reputation from the mid to late 19th century. The most influential stallion in the breed was namedCorlay, who bred from 1876 to 1897 in the locality of the same name. The breed was considered established by the end of the century.
The Corlay horse’s numbers declined steadily over the following century, primarily due to competition fromdraft horses. It virtually disappeared by the end of the 20th century. Having never had a genealogical register under its own name, it is now listed in France as anAQPS (Autre Que Pur-Sang) horse, a category for racehorses of all origins with a high proportion of Thoroughbred ancestry. The Corlay breed is considered extinct by theFAO.
The Corlay horse is also known as the "Half-Blood of Corlay"[1] and the "Light Mountain Horse." Breeder F.-M. Bléas, author of a monograph for the Finistère deputy, refers to it as the "Breton Mountain Blood Horse."[2] It is also nicknamed the "Good Breton Vintage of Saddle Horses."[3]
Breedinghot-blooded horses in Brittany is both rare and specific to the Corlay region. According to veterinarian Dr. Robert Hamon, most Breton breeding at the beginning of the 20th century involveddraft horses.[4]
Before theRestoration, there was no specific selection of horses in the Corlay region.[5] The breed can be traced back no further than the early 19th century.[6] However, the archives of the seigneury of Corlay attest to the breeding and trade of horses under the Ancien Régime,[1] as part of thecorvée.[7] The animals were most often sold at theNoyal-Pontivy fair.[7]
The ancestors of the Corlay horse resemble thebidets of mountainous regions: small (1.20 m to 1.40 m at most),[8] thin, and dry.[9] Several authors, including the Société des Courses de Corlay,[10]veterinarian Dr. Robert Hamon,[11] and the president of the Association des Amis du Cheval du Pays de Corlay,[6][12] attribute an Oriental ancestry to the Corlay horse.[13] However, Jean Le Tallec's historical study of farmers in Central Brittany reveals no evidence of imported horses before the 19th century, apart from nine Arab stallions brought by the de Rohan family during theCrusades.[1]
Sober, dexterous, and long-lived, bidets live in a semi-wild state on the Breton moors and required minimal care.[9][12] The variety of this small horse common to central and southern Brittany is known as the "Briec bidet" or "cheval de la lande."[14][15]
"The horse is a passion that the young Corlaysien sucks with his milk".
— Popular Corlaysian expression quoted by the Association bretonne et union régionaliste bretonne de Saint-Brieuc.[12]
From 1806 to 1808, following the reorganization of theHaras Nationaux, Arabian stallions and a fewThoroughbreds were introduced to the region.[9][16] The stallion depot in Langonnet,Morbihan, included half-saddlebred stallions and made its Thoroughbred horses available to local breeders.[13][17][18] The first influential sires were the Arabian stallion Médany and the Thoroughbred stallions Young Emilius, Stangfort, and Young Rattler.[13][19][20] The Corlay horse has also been influenced by other breeds, such as theAnglo-Norman, theVendéen, mixedNorfolk Trotter andThoroughbred,[21] the RussianOrlov Trotter,[22] and even thePercheron.[16]
A popular Corlaysian expression highlights the locals' attachment to horses.[12] According to Bléas, "No population, perhaps, had a greater innate love for the blood horse than that of this country. Any opportunity was always a good one for making horses fight. Until a few years ago, no wedding took place in a well-to-do family in the Corlays region without a sheep being offered as the prize for the traditional race; no 'pardon' was complete without 'running the sheep.' And many a peasant woman was not afraid to gallop her farm's brave pony during these festivities."[23] Competition from racehorses from Paris andAnjou prompted local breeders to crossbreed their horses to produce saddle horses.[23][24]
The size of these crossbred horses increased from 1.45 m to 1.58 m.[9] The Corlay horse is the result of crossbreeding between native Breton horses, Thoroughbreds, and Arabians.[12][14][25] According to Guy de Sallier Dupin, it was the distribution of premiums by the Conseil Général and the Haras Nationaux, which rewarded the best breeders, that enabled the emergence of pioneering breeders of half-blood horses in Corlay through crossbreeding with Thoroughbreds and Arabians.[26]
Within a few decades, local breeding gained an excellent reputation. Count Achille de Montendre praised breeding in the Corlay region in a book published in 1840, calling the "Corlay breed" a horse of the future that "sells, and above all, will sell."[27] His text was reprinted in an issue ofRecueil de Médecine Vétérinaire the following year,[28] and later by Éphrem Houël in hisTraité Complet de l'Élevage du Cheval en Bretagne.[29] The Corlay Racing Club was created in 1842,[6] when the distribution of stallions was reorganized to favor the Corlay region.[13][20]
In 1844, a report by the French agricultural inspectors for the Côtes-du-Nord department distinguished three breeds, including the Corlay breed. The horses were described as small (1.40 m) but of high quality.[30] The report noted that horses not crossed with Arabs or Thoroughbreds sold much more cheaply and easily for light cavalry service.[30]
In 1845, following the re-establishment of theHaras National de Lamballe, severalThoroughbred stallions were sent to Corlay: Craven, Brandy-Face, Festival, Gouvieux, Beauvais, Marin, Chassenon, Chambois, Basque, Kirsch, le Rakos, Vertumne, and Pedlar.[31] The stud also housed the half-bloods Cœur de Chêne, Ementier, Infaillible, and Lancastre, as well as theNorfolk Trotter stallion Flying Cloud, sire ofCorlay.[32]
In 1849, the Guingamp equestrian commission recommended using Anglo-Arabs in addition to Thoroughbreds to improve the Corlay breed.[33] By 1862, the Lamballe foal and filly competition was renamed the "Half-Bred and Light Draft Competition," requiring participants to run trotters or gallopers during the year.[34] From 1864 onwards, premiums were only awarded to mares covered by a Thoroughbred or half-bred stallion from the stud farm administration.[34]
In 1867, the rapporteur of a General Council session stated that "the Corlay breed surpasses in quality and elegance anything we have in Brittany." In 1880, a journalist wrote that the best half-blood horses came from the arrondissement of Loudéac.[35] In 1897, Martial Cornic agreed, calling the Corlay horse "a national glory."[36] By the beginning of the 20th century, bloodhorse breeding in Brittany was exclusively confined to the Corlay,Rostrenen, andLoudéac regions.[37]
The Corlay horse owes part of its reputation to the breeding stallion named Corlay, who was considered by Bléas to be "perhaps the most famous stallion Brittany has ever had."[38] In 1864, the firstNorfolk Trotter, Flying Cloud, was introduced.[39] By crossing Flying Cloud with a small 3/4 Thoroughbred Corlaysienne galloping mare named Thérésine, Corlay was born in 1872. He was used as a breeding stallion at the station of the same name for 21 years, from 1876 to 1897.[38][40][41][42] Corlay sired a large number of offspring who excelled as carriage horses, racehorses, and saddle horses, and are renowned for their distinction.[39]
In 1894, the French studbook for half-blood horses was opened, including a Breton section.[43] The 19th century ended with the disappearance of the breed's ancient and traditional type, the "bidet ambleur de Corlay."[44] A local newspaper reported that the characteristics of the Corlay horse were now fixed: combining the size of the Thoroughbred with the gentleness of Breton bidets, "these horses are perfect."
In 1903, the Société Hippique de Corlay was established, organizing competitions. Competitions for yearling and two-year-old fillies made a significant contribution to improving the local breed.[45] In 1905, the Corlay region acquired a racecourse, "Le Petit Paris."[6] In 1908, Count Henry de Robien gave a disparaging review of the Corlay horse, describing it as "quick and flat."[46]
In 1911, the director of the Corlay stud praised the constant improvement in breeding. Forage crops, particularly clover, were also helping to enhance animal feed.[45] In 1928, the Société Hippique de Corlay published a 30-page study criticizing "the technocratic complacency of 'specialists,'" who deemed Breton horses as lacking reputation, describing them as "undistinguished, badly turned, disproportionate."[47]
At the beginning of the 20th century, the most influential stallions on the breed were the half-blood Soliman, who died in 1916 and was known as the sire of excellent broodmares,[48] and the Thoroughbreds Pedlar (1905–1919),[49] Vertumne, Roncal, Rendez-vous,[41][50] and Bon.[51] The Corlay stud supplied 1,800 horses forWorld War I.[22] Bloodstock breeding inLoudéac declined after the war.[52]
Count Henry de Robien (1908) anticipated the breed's decline due to its lack of non-military outlets.[46] He also described the breed as having disappeared twenty years earlier:[53]
Twenty years ago – as you can see, I'm not going back to the Flood – there was a breed of very distinct, very homogeneous horses in Corlay. These horses were, for the most part, Rouans or Aubères. Well-built, welded, close to the ground, they were as usable in the saddle as in the carriage, as capable of leading oxen in the plow as they were of climbing a Breton embankment, and galloping for a long time behind the dogs.
— Count de Robien
In 1919, veterinarian Dr. E. Frouin, director of veterinary services for the Côtes-du-Nord, presented a report advising the abolition of saddle horse competitions in all towns in the department, except Corlay. He recommended increasing premiums to prevent the breed from disappearing.[54] The breed was in decline, according to General de Champvallier (1921),[55] zootechnician Paul Diffloth (1923),[56] E. Frouin (1927–1928),[51] and the Société hippique de Corlay (1928).[57] They reported a significant reduction in the number of Thoroughbred and half-blood stallions between 1900 and 1927, as well as a decrease in Thoroughbred and half-blood breeding from 729 to 110 over the same period.[58]
The reasons for this decline included competition fromdraft horses,[51][57] notably theBreton horse;[59] competition from motor vehicles;[60] and the difficulty of finding quality breeding stallions.[41] The model of the horses tended to be lighter and closer to the Thoroughbred.[41][61] Diffloth asserted that the half-blood galloping breed was "doomed to disappear."[56] By 1933, there were only around 120 Corlay[41]broodmares left, all very heterogeneous in terms of type, depending on the proportion of Thoroughbred influence.[62]
In 1927, the Société Hippique de Corlay estimated that Corlay horses had won a total of 500,000 francs in half-blood races.[63]
The Corlay horse is historically a rather small, stocky half-blood, measuring around 1.50 to 1.55 m according to Italian author Maurizio Bongianni,[64] and rarely exceeding 1.55 m according to Paul Diffloth.[65] Its size has increased over time: an average measurement taken in 1898 estimates it at 1.52 to 1.56 m,[66] while another taken in the 1930s gives an average of 1.56 m for 470 kg, with a thoracic perimeter of 1.82 m and a barrel circumference of 20 cm.[67] F.-M. Bléas (1913) cites an average height of 1.57 m, with a thoracic perimeter of 1.75 m and a barrel circumference of 20 cm.[2] In 1927, according toveterinarian E. Frouin's thesis, the average size was 1.53 to 1.60 m.[51] In 1928 and 1933, the Société Hippique de Corlay[68] and an article inSport Universel Illustré[62] reported an average height of 1.55 m for 465 kg, with a maximum of 1.63 m, as determined by the Société du Cheval de Guerre;[68] a quarter of the breed's horses are over 1.58 m tall.[62]
The model is that of a medium-weightsaddle horse,[69] with a strong Thoroughbred influence.[51] According to Diffloth, the conformation is distinctive.[65] The head is square and light, with an open eye. The neck is well-proportioned, and the body is rounded with highwithers. Therump, like the overall conformation, is reminiscent of abloodhorse. The shoulders have good direction, and the limbs, though not very ample, are lean, sinewy, and vigorously jointed. The tendons are well-defined, and the feet are of good quality.[9]
According to Barral, the dominant colors arechestnut,buckskin, andbay, with a fewgray andblack.[9] However, Count de Robien states that the dominant colors are mainlyroan andstrawberry roan.[53]
The Corlay horse'sgaits are lively, and its movements are graceful.[9] It is reputed to be a "true saddle horse full of energy, hardiness, and means, which inspires confidence in the rider,"[70] endowed with energy and stamina while remaining rustic and sober.[71] Compared to the Thoroughbred, it has less pure speed but is renowned for its endurance.[72] It also has good galloping class and great jumping ability.[67]
They are bred economically, usually in combination with free-range cattle.[73] Foals are broken in at two and a half to three years of age.[62][74]
This horse is raised outdoors in rugged pastures, where it feeds on clover and gorse mixed with oats supplied by its breeder.[67] One of the particularities of Corlay horse breeding is the use ofmaerl to strengthen the horses' bones by mixing it with their feed.Napoleon III allowed breeders to obtain maerl from the Brest harbor and transport it via theNantes-Brest canal. Breeders also usedbone char, or noir de raffinerie, a phosphate-rich by-product of the Nantes sugar industry, as a feed supplement.[40][45][57] Later, by mining a limestone vein (the only one in central Brittany) at Cartravers, near Corlay, breeders enriched their pastures withcalcium.[6][57][75][76]
The Corlay horse has never had its own studbook, and is now listed as anAQPS.[25] The Société Hippique de Corlay, founded in 1903 by Armand Gast,[77] was tasked with promoting this local breed.[78] The distribution of "conservation premiums" to owners of mares under 7 years of age seems to have played a key role in the preservation of the Corlay breed.[79]
The breed's ancestors were employed by the Côtes-d'Armor horsepostrider.[80] The Corlay horse is mainly used for local racing, thanks to the speed inherited from its Arab and Thoroughbred ancestors.[81] An often-told anecdote recounts thatNapoleon III examined some of them during his visit to Saint-Brieuc in August 1858[82] and was informed that these horses could, without any preparation, deliver a steeplechase of several kilometers over any type of terrain. The following morning, this steeplechase was run in front of him on very uneven ground soaked by torrential rain.[82] Out of twelve horses running, ten reached the finish without incident, ridden without saddle or stirrups and led by simple nets or with their loins by young farmers.[9][82]
When racing, the Corlay horse is usually mounted in abridle with a hard bit in the mouth, to which a rope is tied. It is reputed to be able to complete the tests "without fatigue."[72] In the 20th century, there were races in Brittany reserved for half-breds, in which Corlay horses took part.[83][84]
The breed was also recommended forlight cavalry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,[66][85] as well as for trail riding, Amazon riding, andtilbury pulling.[27] Several "tours de force" are attributed to the Corlay horse, including journeys of up to a hundred kilometers in a single day.[71] According to Diffloth (1923), "Some individuals are capable of executing raids of 100 and 120 kilometers in a day. A mare from Corlay covered 48 kilometers in one hour and a half at a harness trot, and a horse from Corlay recently covered 28 kilometers in one hour at a harness trot."[86]
At the beginning of the 20th century, military sales represented the main outlet for this breed, notably through the Société du Cheval de Guerre competitions.[84][87] The breed made its mark several times at the Société Hippique Française, particularly through representatives such as Octave II, Diane, Cyclone, Yvan, and Fat.[88] It performed exceptionally well in hunting trials and multi-day raids over rough terrain,[89] with its ability to negotiate natural obstacles being particularly commended. Corlay horses have historically been popular at outdoor horse races, with Corlaysians attending these events in large numbers.[87]
The town of Corlay owes its reputation to this breed of horse.[61] Its historic production center is located in theCorlay area, south ofGuingamp, and in part of theLoudéac arrondissement.[5] Some horses were exported; for example, Lionel Bonnemère found traces of a Corlay horse in Spain in 1901, noting that breeding had significantly contributed to the canton’s prosperity.[90] The breed is highly local and has steadily declined over the years.[64] By 1927, according to E. Frouin, only three or four dozenCorlay breeder families were maintaining the local breed.[91][92] The horse practically disappeared by the end of the 20th century.[93] The town of Corlay has opened a museum to trace its history,[94] making it one of five sites in Brittany recognized as an "equestrian center of regional interest."[6]
The breed is listed as extinct (status "X") in the 2007 FAO assessment, under the name "Corlais."
In 2005, half-blood breeding remained important in the Corlay region, complementing other types of breeding.[95] Races reserved for AQPS horses were organized here.[94]
