| Welsh Corgi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh Corgi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Wales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Dog (domestic dog) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
TheWelsh Corgi (/ˈkɔːrɡi/[3] orCorgi (pl. Corgis); occasionally the etymologically consistentCorgwn/ˈkɔːrɡuːn/) is a smalltype ofherding dog that originated inWales. The namecorgi is thought to be derived from theWelsh wordscor andci (which ismutated togi), meaning "dwarf" and "dog", respectively.
Two separate breeds are recognised: thePembroke Welsh Corgi and theCardigan Welsh Corgi. Physical differences are seen between the two breeds. According to the breed standards, overall, the Cardigan is larger in weight and height and has a much longer tail than the Pembroke.
Historically, the Pembroke has been attributed to the influx of dogs alongsideFlemish weavers from around the 14th century. In contrast, the Cardigan is attributed to the dogs brought withNorse settlers, in particular a common ancestor of theSwedish Vallhund.
The Pembroke is the more popular of the two, yet still appears onthe Kennel Club'svulnerable dog breeds of the United Kingdom list.[4] The Pembroke Welsh Corgi gained popularity becauseElizabeth II personally owned more than 30 Pembrokes or Corgi-Dachshund crosses, known asdorgis.
Pembrokeshire andCardiganshire are adjoining historical agricultural counties inWest Wales.[5] Welsh Corgis were cattleherding dogs, the type of herding dog referred to as "heelers", meaning that they would nip at the heels of the larger animals to keep them on the move.[6] The combination of their low height off the ground and the innate agility of Welsh Corgis would allow them to avoid the hooves of cattle.[6] In theWelsh language, the word "Corgi" literally translates to dwarf dog (cor = dwarf,gi =lenitive ofci, dog). In Welsh, the term can also be used more broadly to mean acur or a working dog.[a][5] Different tales have been told of the Corgi's origin; some believe that the two modern breeds evolved from shared ancestry,[7] while others attribute the import of the Pembroke Welsh Corgi toFlemish weavers starting around the 10th century.[8] Further theories on the origin of the Pembroke variety suggest that they may have originated from central European herding breeds from the area around modern Germany. Depending on the time when these dogs were imported to Wales, they could have been either Deutsche Bracken orDachshund.[9]
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has been attributed to the influences ofNordic settlers in the region.[10] Dogs of similar dimensions exist in modern Scandinavia, called theSwedish Vallhund,[11] and some historians claim that these two breeds share a common ancestor.[12] Hill farmers increasingly switched from cattle to sheep in the 19th century, but the Corgi was not suited for working sheep. Similarities between the Welsh Corgis have been attributed to crossbreeding between the two or simply selected breeding from those who wished to have the Cardigan variety appear closer in nature to the Pembroke.[12]
The first recorded date for Corgis appearing in the show ring in Wales is 1925. Captain J. P. Howell called together a meeting of breeders of both the Pembroke and the Cardigan varieties and formed the Welsh Corgi Club, with an initial membership of 59 members. A generalbreed standard was drawn up, and Corgis began to appear inconformation shows. Until this point, neither breed had been specifically bred for looks. Members of this club were primarily interested in the Pembroke variety, although the Cardigan variety also appeared. At that point, the breeds were referred to as the Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire varieties. There were a number of disputes between breeders of the two types in early shows, as judges who were breeders of one type would often favour them.[13] The Welsh Corgi appeared atCrufts—a dog show held annually in the United Kingdom—for the first time in 1927.[14]
The firstchampionship was awarded at a Cardiff show in 1928 to a red and white Pembroke bitch named Shan Fach. The breeds continued to be judged together until 1934, when the Kennel Club recognized each breed separately. Some 59 Cardigans and 240 Pembrokes were listed in the pedigree books in that initial registration. The decisions about the breed to which each dog belonged were sometimes left to the owners, who were free to choose whichever they felt was the most appropriate.[13] The first dog to be named best-in-show at an open conformation show wasCh. Bowhit Pivot.[15]
Cardigan Welsh Corgis continued to be rarer than Pembrokes, with only 11 registrations in 1940. Both breeds survived theSecond World War, although the Cardigans registered with the Kennel Club numbered only 61 by the war's end.[13] Pembrokes became very popular during the postwar years in the United Kingdom; in 1953, it was ranked as the fourth-most popular breed by the Kennel Club, behind theEnglish Cocker Spaniel, theGerman Shepherd, and thePekingese.[16] In 1955, the reserve Best in Show at Crufts was the Pembroke Welsh CorgiKaytop Maracas Mint.[17] The Corgi breeds declined in popularity:veterinary physician Brian Singleton suggested inThe Times in 1963 that this was due to issues with their temperament.[18]
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi was listed in the Kennel Club's first list ofVulnerable Native Breeds in 2006.[19] This list is for those breeds which register less than 300 dogs in any one year;[20] there had been 84 Cardigan Corgis registered in 2006. After an initial increase, this declined to 46 in 2010 but rose to the highest number since the list began in 2015, with 124 puppies registered.[19] In 2013, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi was also added, as there had been only 241 puppies registered that year. While the Kennel Club blamed this decline on the importation of foreign dog breeds,[20]The Daily Telegraph faulted the UK's 2006Animal Welfare Act, which banned tail-docking for cosmetic purposes.[21][22] However, 2015 had an increase of 34% in the number of Pembroke registrations; the popularity of Corgis onInstagram was credited for the change. Pembrokes were removed from the Vulnerable Native Breeds list in 2016.[23][24]
In 1933, American breeder Lewis Roesler brought the first Welsh Corgis to the United States for her Merriedip Kennels in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts. She had previously been well known for breedingOld English Sheepdogs. Roesler purchased a Pembroke Corgi, Little Madam, at London'sPaddington Station for £12. Wanting a mate for the dog, she visited several Corgi kennels and bought a dog called Captain William Lewis. TheAmerican Kennel Club (AKC) first registered Welsh Corgis in 1934 as a single breed, and Little Madam was the first registered animal of the breed. The first litter was registered later that year, by Mr E.M. Tidd in Oakland, California, from a bitch named Toots, which he had purchased in Canada.[15]
Tidd imported Ch. Bowhit Pivot for his breeding lines in 1935, registering him with the AKC as Sierra Bowhit Pivot. In addition to his British titles, he became the first Corgi to be awarded champion status in the US and the first such dog to be namedBest of Group at a conformation show in the United States. The Pembroke Welsh Corgi club was formed in 1937,[15] and the first show was held atGeraldine Rockefeller Dodge'sGiralda Farms in New Jersey. Following the Second World War, imports from the United Kingdom included Rozavel Uncle Sam, which dominated the show circuit for Corgis. In 1949, he became the first Pembroke winner of best-in-show at an open conformation show in the United States. By 1998, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi had become the 37th-most popular breed of dog in the US.[25]
A pair of Cardigan Welsh Corgis was imported to the US in 1931, but the first member of that breed to be registered with the AKC was Blodwen of Robinscroft in 1935. They have never been as popular in the US as the Pembroke type. In 1997, some 752 Cardigan Welsh Corgis were registered with the AKC, compared to 8,281 Pembrokes.[25]
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The two breeds of Welsh Corgis, the Cardigan and the Pembroke, are named for the counties in Wales from where they originated. The dogs share several similar traits, such as theircoats, which are water-resistant and shed on average twice a year. The body of the Cardigan is slightly longer than that of the Pembroke; both breeds have short legs, placing their bodies close to the ground.[8][10] They are not as square in outline as a typicalTerrier, nor have an elongated body as great as that of a Dachshund.[26] Only minor differences in the shape of the head are seen; both appear fox-like. The head of a Cardigan Welsh Corgi is typically larger than that of an equivalent Pembroke and has a larger nose.[1] A few days following birth may be needed for the true color of a Corgi's coat to appear, and this is particularly evident in those with tricolor or black and tan markings.[26]Corgis in the modern era often compete indog agility trials,obedience,showmanship,flyball,tracking, andherding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Cardigan and Pembroke Corgis exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials—known colloquially as a "mad run".[27] Welsh Corgis were once used to guard children.[11]
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The differences between the two breeds include bone structure, body length, and size. Cardigans are the larger of the two breeds, with large, rounded ears and a 12-inch-long (30 cm), fox-like, flowing tail set in line with the body.[7] Though the Cardigan is allowed more colors than the Pembroke, white should not predominate in its coat.[28] The Cardigan is a double-coated dog where the outer coat is dense, slightly harsh in texture, and of medium length. The dog's undercoat is short, soft, and thick.[11] According to the breed standard, the breed stands between 10.5 and 12.5 inches (27 and 32 cm) at thewithers, and should weigh 30–38 pounds (14–17 kg). The skeletal structure of the Cardigan differs from the Pembroke in that a more exaggerated bend exists in the front two legs, which fits around theribcage of the animal. In addition, the Cardigan is more heavily set than the Pembroke, with denser bone mass.[1]
A greater number of colours of coat is present in the Cardigan breed than the Pembroke, with the breed standard allowing for a variety of shades of red, sable, andbrindle. White markings are expected on this breed of Corgi, and one with a black coat is allowed to have tan or brindle points under conformation show rules. Merle markings are present in the breed, although this is normally restricted to blue merle.[2] Several disqualification criteria are used in the breed standard for the purpose of confirmation shows. This would include drop ears, a white coat, blue eyes, or nonsolid black noses in dogs without merle coloration.[29]
Pembrokes feature pointed ears,[6] and are somewhat smaller in stature than the Cardigan. They are low-set, intelligent, strong, and sturdy with stamina sufficient to work a day on the farm.[28] The common height at the withers is 10–12 inches (25–30 cm), while a male dog of this breed should weigh no more than 30 pounds (14 kg), and a female 25 pounds (11 kg).[1] The tail is shorter than that of a Cardigan, which can be accomplished through breeding or docking.[28] Historically, the Pembroke was a breed with a natural bobtail (a very short tail). Due to the advent of tail docking in dogs,[6] the bobtail was not aggressively pursued, with breeders focusing, instead, on other characteristics, and the tail was artificially shortened if need be. Given that some countries now ban docking, some breeders are again attempting to select dogs with the genes for natural bobtails.[30]
Fewer colours of coat appear in the Pembroke breed. These include red, sable, tan, fawn, and black, each with or without white markings. Plain white or grey coats can also be seen, but these would be considered a serious fault for conformation shows.[2] However, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi has no specific disqualification criteria present in the breed standard.[29]
Pembroke Welsh Corgis have two coats that vary in length along their body. The first coat is a shorter, inner coat resistant to harsh weather, while the outer coat is rougher and longer, but still of medium length. The length of the coat differs on various parts of the body. Fur tends to be longer and thicker behind their fore and hind legs and underneath their bodies. In addition, they appear to have more voluminous fur on their chest, neck, and shoulders. Pembroke Welsh corgis have shedding coats.[31]
According to the Kennel ClubPurebred Dog Health Survey conducted in 2004, the two breeds had similar average lifespans; the median age at death was 12 years 3 months for Pembrokes and 12 years 2 months for Cardigans. The main causes of death were similar in both breeds; the primary causes werecanine cancer and old age. However, the Pembroke breed showed a higher proportion of deaths attributed to eitherkidney failure orurethral obstruction.[32][33] The survey showed that the breeds suffer from similar rates of ongoing health conditions with one exception: Whereas more than a quarter of Pembroke Welsh Corgis surveyed suffered from some type of eye condition, only 6.1% of the Cardigan Corgis did.[32][33] Eye conditions typical in the Corgi breeds includeprogressive retinal atrophy, which occurs more often in dogs over six years of age, andcanine glaucoma, which is more common in older dogs.[34] Cataracts in Corgis are treatable with cataract extraction.[35] Similar percentages in the survey were seen in both breeds for issues relating to reproduction, such as requiringcaesarian sections and havingfalse pregnancies. Further similarities were also seen related to musculoskeletal issues, includingarthritis.[32][33] However,hip dysplasia, common in some types of dogs, is rare in the Corgi breeds.[34]
QueenElizabeth II had a long association with Corgis, and she reportedly had said, "my Corgis are family".[36] After a visit toThomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath in 1933, Princesses Elizabeth andMargaret made it well known to their family that they liked the Corgis owned by the Marquess.[37][38] Their father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (laterGeorge VI), purchased the Pembroke Corgi Rozavel Golden Eagle, from the Rozavel kennels in Surrey. It was renamedDookie.[39]
Princess Elizabeth was then given a Pembroke Corgi of her own, namedSusan, for her 18th birthday in 1944.[40] She had a strong connection to the dog, which was hidden under rugs in the Royal Carriage followingher wedding toPrince Philip.[41] Susan became the progenitor of all the Corgis later owned by the royal household. The Queen bred 10 generations of dogs from Susan, owning personally more than 30 of the dogs, which were either purebred Pembroke Welsh Corgis or crossbreed Corgi/Dachshunds calledDorgis.[42][43] The corgis – whose names included Whisky, Sherry, Mint, Dash, and Disco – slept in wicker baskets lined with cushions in their own room. Their diet, prepared by a "gourmet chef", reportedly included fresh rabbit and beef.[36]
In 2018, the last of the Corgis belonging to Queen Elizabeth, and descended from Susan, was reported to have died.[44][36] However, in 2021 during theCOVID-19 lockdown, her son,Prince Andrew, gave her a Corgi named Muick. This was followed by the gift from Andrew's daughters,Beatrice andEugenie, of another Corgi named Sandy to mark her 95th official birthday. Upon thedeath of the Queen in September 2022, Prince Andrew and his former wife,Sarah, Duchess of York, were to take care of Muick and Sandy.[36]
Corgis have also appeared on screen, on stage, and in novels. Corgis as characters were incorporated into the storybook fantasiesCorgiville Fair,The Great Corgiville Kidnapping, andCorgiville Christmas of American author and illustratorTasha Tudor.[45] In the 1961Elvis filmBlue Hawaii, a local Corgi appeared in a scene to help fetch a towel.[46] In 1963, a Corgi was featured in theWalt Disney filmLittle Dog Lost,[47] which led to an increase in popularity for the breed within the United States.[48] A theatrical adaptation took place of Welsh authorRoald Dahl'sThe BFG which toured the UK in 1991 required several different Corgis to perform on stage as those of Queen Elizabeth.[49]The Queen's Corgi is a Belgian animated film depicting the Queen's Corgis.[50]
In theanimeCowboy Bebop, the crew has a super-intelligent Pembroke Welsh Corgi,Ein, on their ship.[51] TheTop Shelf graphic novelKorgi plays on the folklore tradition of the Corgi as a faerie draft animal. It features the "Mollies" (fairy-like beings) who live in close relationship with the land and their Korgi friends, who are based on and resemble the Welsh Corgi breeds.[52]
The royal Corgis appeared in Queen Elizabeth II's segment in theopening ceremony of the2012 London Olympics, when she is escorted byJames Bond from Buckingham Palace to the stadium.[53][54]
The American animated TV seriesInfinity Train features a country of anthropomorphic Corgis known as Coriginia ruled by King Atticus, styled"Uniter of the Cardigans and Pembrokes".[55]
In the American sitcomBrooklyn Nine-Nine, the characters Captain Holt and Kevin Cozner co-own a Pembroke Welsh Corgi named Cheddar. Cheddar serves as comedic relief and makes reappearances in certain episodes each season.[56][57]
Media related toWelsh Corgi at Wikimedia Commons