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Cordillera Administrative Region

Coordinates:17°10′N121°10′E / 17.17°N 121.17°E /17.17; 121.17
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Administrative region of the Philippines

Region in Luzon, Philippines
Cordillera
Cordillera Administrative Region
Clockwise from the top:Banaue Rice Terraces,Burnham Park Lake,Maligcong Rice Terraces,Sagada Hanging Cofins,Sagada Blue Mountain,Buscalan Rice Terraces,Tayum Church,Mount Pulag,Abulog River, andBaguio Cathedral
Official seal of Cordillera
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:17°10′N121°10′E / 17.17°N 121.17°E /17.17; 121.17
Country Philippines
Island groupLuzon
Regional center
and largest city		Baguio
Area
 • Total
19,422.03 km2 (7,498.89 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,928 m (9,606 ft)
Population
 (2024 census)[2]
 • Total
1,808,985
 • Estimate 
(2020)
1,807,758[1]
 • Density93.14088/km2 (241.2338/sq mi)
GDP(Nominal, 2024)
 • TotalUS$7.8 billion[3]
 • Per capitaUS$4,145[3]
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-15
Provinces
Independent cities
Component cities
Municipalities75
Barangays1,178
Cong. districts7
Languages
HDIIncrease 0.777 (High)
HDI rank3rd in the Philippines (2024)

TheCordillera Administrative Region (CAR;Ilocano:Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera;Filipino:Rehiyong Administratibo ng Cordillera[4]), also known as theCordillera Region andCordillera (IPA:[kɔrdiljɛra]), is anadministrative region in thePhilippines, situated within the island ofLuzon. It is the onlylandlocked region in the archipelago, bordered by theIlocos Region to the west and southwest, and by theCagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast.

The region comprises sixprovinces:Abra,Apayao,Benguet,Ifugao,Kalinga andMountain Province. The regional center is thehighly urbanized city ofBaguio, which is the largest city in the region.

The region was officially created on July 15, 1987,[5] covering most of theCordillera Mountain Range of Luzon that is home to numerousethnic groups.Nueva Vizcaya province has a majorityIgorot population transplanted by the American colonial government in theCagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century, as doesQuirino.

According to the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, this region is the least populated region in the Philippines,[6] less than that of the national capital, theCity of Manila.

History

[edit]
An old U.S. Army map showingMountain province covering the present areas of Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Apayao.

Spanish colonial era

[edit]

During theSpanish occupation of the Philippines,Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government.[7] Severalcomandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them wereAmburayan, Cabugaoan,Kayapa,Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet,Bontoc,Banaue, and Tiagan.[8][9][10]

On August 18, 1908, during the American regime,Mountain Province was established by thePhilippine Commission with the enactment ofAct No. 1876.Ifugao, which was part ofNueva Vizcaya province,[11] and the former Spanishcomandancias ofAmburayan,Apayao,Benguet, Bontoc,Kalinga and Lepanto, were annexed to the newly created province as sub-provinces.[12][13] Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces ofIlocos Sur andLa Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.[7][14][15]

Philippine independence

[edit]

On June 18, 1966,Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to splitMountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao,Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province.[16][17] Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of theCagayan Valley region,[18] with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under theIlocos Region. From that time on, Ferdinand Marcos imposed a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into those provinces.

The Martial Law era

[edit]
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at theBantayog ng mga Bayani inQuezon City, showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that ofMacli-ing Dulag.
Main articles:Chico River Dam Project andMacli-ing Dulag

After the declaration ofmartial law byFerdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for theChico River Dam Project nearSadanga, Mountain Province andTinglayan, Kalinga.[19][20][21] Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[22] in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[21]

Empowered by martial law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribalpapangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[21]: 9  By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely shoot people and animals without permits.[21]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinatedMacli-ing Dulag apangat (leader) of theButbut tribe of Kalinga.[23] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy.[24]

After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under PresidentCorazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, theCordillera People's Liberation Army led byConrado Balweg. The Aquino government made asipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as theMount Data Peace Accord, with the CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities.

Creation of the region

[edit]
Main articles:1990 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite and1998 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite

On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issuedExecutive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces ofAbra,Benguet andMountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), andIfugao andKalinga-Apayao (of theCagayan Valley) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Cordillera Administrative Region is the revival of the U.S. political division of Mountain Province, with Abra which was part ofSpanish province of Ilocos.Nueva Vizcaya &Quirino were not included in the region despite having an Igorot majority at the time.[5][25]

On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment ofRepublic Act No. 7878.[26][27]

Several attempts at legalizingautonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separateplebiscites.[28][29] An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now theBARMM) in southern Philippines. The first lawRepublic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989[30] but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990.[28][29] The second law,Republic Act No. 8438 passed byCongress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997,[31] also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998.[28][29]

At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council.

Contemporary

[edit]
icon
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In September 2000, the municipal council ofItogon, Benguet, withdrew support for theSan Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance, because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment of the Igorot.

The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), anindigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this project and thus booked a little victory. In May 2001, however, President Arroyo stated that the San Roque Dam project would proceed regardless due to the fact that it had already been initiated and therefore was difficult to stop. At the same time, she promised not to sacrifice the environment, to rehabilitate the people who will lose their homes, to compensate those who will suffer, and to not initiate any more large-scale irrigation projects in the future.

In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and act which came into existence in 1997 giving the peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies. In this act, ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot. The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code.

Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies the freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign ownership, and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by the Supreme Court.

A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte, who publicly supported the creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the proposed region, despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal.[32][33]

Geography

[edit]
Topographical map
Political map

The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by theCagayan Valley, and on the southwest and west by theIlocos Region.

The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in theCordillera Central mountain range, which includesMount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon.[34]

Further information:Cordillera Central, Luzon

Within the region are several streams and rivers including theChico River, which is atributary of theCagayan River. Other major rivers include[35][36]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
A view of Baguio as seen in November 2012

Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6provinces. It has 2 cities; thehighly urbanized city ofBaguio, and the component city ofTabuk. There are 1,178barangays in the region. Geographically, the western half ofNueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern half is part of the Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress.

Regional divisions

[edit]
ProvinceorHUCCapitalPopulation(2020)[37]Area[38]DensityCitiesMuni.Barangay
km2sq mi/km2/sq mi
AbraBangued14.0%250,9854,199.721,621.5260160027303
ApayaoKabugao6.9%124,3664,502.331,738.36287307133
BenguetLa Trinidad25.6%460,6832,769.081,069.15170440113140
IfugaoLagawe11.5%207,4982,618.011,010.8279200011176
KalingaTabuk12.8%229,5703,282.041,267.207018017153
Mountain ProvinceBontoc8.8%158,2002,389.43922.5666170010144
Baguio†—20.4%366,35857.5122.206,40017,000——129
Total1,797,66019,818.127,651.82912402751,178

 †  Baguio is ahighly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Benguet.

Governors and vice governors
[edit]
ProvinceImageGovernorPolitical PartyVice Governor
Eustaquio P. BersaminPFPAna Marie F. Bersamin
Elias Bulut Jr.NPCKyle Mariah Chelsea S. Bulut-Cunan
Melchor DiclasLakasMarie Rose Fongwan-Kepes
Jerry U. DalipogLakasMartin L. Habawel Jr.
James EddubaLakasDave Q. Odiem
Bonifacio C. LacwasanPFPJose O. Dominguez

Cities andmunicipalities

[edit]
  •  † Regional center
City/MunicipalityPopulation(2020)[39]Area[40]DensityClassIncome classProvince
km2sq mi/km2/sq mi
Aguinaldo21,128538.05207.7439100Municipality2ndIfugao
Alfonso Lista34,061347.46134.1698250Municipality3rdIfugao
Asipulo15,963182.8770.6187230Municipality5thIfugao
Atok19,218214.9983.0189230Municipality4thBenguet
†Baguio366,35857.5122.206,40017,000Highly urbanized city1stBenguet
Bakun14,535286.91110.7851130Municipality3rdBenguet
Balbalan12,914542.69209.532462Municipality3rdKalinga
Banaue20,652191.2073.82110280Municipality4thIfugao
Bangued50,382105.7040.814801,200Municipality1stAbra
Barlig4,796228.6488.282154Municipality5thMountain Province
Bauko32,021153.0059.07210540Municipality4thMountain Province
Besao6,873173.6267.0440100Municipality5thMountain Province
Bokod14,435274.96106.1652130Municipality4thBenguet
Boliney4,551216.9283.752154Municipality5thAbra
Bontoc24,104396.10152.9461160Municipality2ndMountain Province
Bucay17,953102.1639.44180470Municipality5thAbra
Bucloc2,39563.7724.623898Municipality6thAbra
Buguias44,877175.8867.91260670Municipality3rdBenguet
Calanasan12,5501,256.15485.0010.026Municipality1stApayao
Conner27,552694.30268.0740100Municipality2ndApayao
Daguioman2,019114.3744.161847Municipality5thAbra
Danglas4,074156.0260.242667Municipality5thAbra
Dolores11,51247.4518.32240620Municipality5thAbra
Flora17,944324.40125.2555140Municipality3rdApayao
Hingyon9,93062.0223.95160410Municipality5thIfugao
Hungduan8,866260.30100.503488Municipality4thIfugao
Itogon61,498449.73173.64140360Municipality1stBenguet
Kabayan15,806242.6993.7065170Municipality4thBenguet
Kabugao16,215935.12361.051744Municipality1stApayao
Kapangan19,297164.3963.47120310Municipality4thBenguet
Kiangan17,691200.0077.2288230Municipality4thIfugao
Kibungan17,051254.8698.4067170Municipality4thBenguet
La Paz16,49351.4119.85320830Municipality5thAbra
La Trinidad137,40470.0427.042,0005,200Municipality1stBenguet
Lacub3,612295.30114.021231Municipality5thAbra
Lagangilang14,914101.4439.17150390Municipality5thAbra
Lagawe18,876208.9180.6690230Municipality4thIfugao
Lagayan4,488215.9783.392154Municipality5thAbra
Lamut26,235149.4557.70180470Municipality4thIfugao
Langiden3,576116.2944.903180Municipality5thAbra
Licuan-Baay4,566256.4299.001847Municipality5thAbra
Luba6,518148.2757.2544110Municipality5thAbra
Lubuagan9,323234.2090.4340100Municipality4thKalinga
Luna21,297606.04233.993591Municipality2ndApayao
Malibcong4,027283.17109.331436Municipality5thAbra
Manabo11,611110.9542.84100260Municipality5thAbra
Mankayan37,233130.4850.38290750Municipality1stBenguet
Mayoyao15,621238.0591.9166170Municipality4thIfugao
Natonin10,339252.0097.3041110Municipality4thMountain Province
Paracelis31,168570.16220.1455140Municipality2ndMountain Province
Pasil10,577189.0072.9756150Municipality5thKalinga
Peñarrubia6,95138.2914.78180470Municipality6thAbra
Pidigan12,47549.1518.98250650Municipality5thAbra
Pilar10,14666.1025.52150390Municipality5thAbra
Pinukpuk34,275743.56287.0946120Municipality1stKalinga
Pudtol15,491401.02154.8339100Municipality4thApayao
Rizal19,554231.0089.1985220Municipality4thKalinga
Sabangan9,62172.0427.81130340Municipality5thMountain Province
Sablan11,588105.6340.78110280Municipality5thBenguet
Sadanga8,427259.79100.313283Municipality5thMountain Province
Sagada11,510109.7142.36100260Municipality5thMountain Province
Sallapadan6,389128.6249.6650130Municipality5thAbra
San Isidro4,74548.0718.5699260Municipality5thAbra
San Juan10,68864.0824.74170440Municipality5thAbra
San Quintin5,70566.5925.7186220Municipality5thAbra
Santa Marcela13,317196.3275.8068180Municipality4thApayao
Tabuk121,033700.25270.37190490Component city5thKalinga
Tadian19,341145.2056.06130340Municipality4thMountain Province
Tanudan8,746307.55118.752873Municipality4thKalinga
Tayum14,86961.1423.61240620Municipality5thAbra
Tineg4,977744.80287.576.717Municipality2ndAbra
Tinglayan13,148283.00109.2746120Municipality4thKalinga
Tinoc18,475239.7092.5577200Municipality4thIfugao
Tuba48,312295.97114.27160410Municipality1stBenguet
Tublay19,429102.5539.59190490Municipality5thBenguet
Tubo5,674409.87158.251436Municipality4thAbra
Villaviciosa5,675102.9339.7455140Municipality5thAbra

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of
Cordillera Administrative Region
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903145,186—    
1918267,041+4.15%
1939384,654+1.75%
1948364,720−0.59%
1960551,032+3.50%
1970730,906+2.86%
1975811,103+2.11%
1980914,432+2.43%
19901,146,191+2.29%
19951,254,838+1.71%
20001,365,220+1.82%
20071,520,847+1.50%
20101,616,867+2.25%
20151,722,006+1.21%
20201,797,660+0.91%
20241,808,985+0.15%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[41]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Further information:Igorot people
A man fromTinglayan vested in traditional garb holding a handcrafted weapon first produced during theSecond World War; traditional Kalinga cloth is draped overOrthodox icons in the manner of Russiannabozhnyks.
A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton in her hair. Skeletons serve as a charm against lightning.

Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range. They are commonly referred to as theIgorot.

Ethnic people of Abra

[edit]

TheTingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.:[42] Their places in Abra are as follows:

  1. Adasen –Lagayan,Lagangilang,San Juan andTineg
  2. Banaw –Daguioman,Malibcong, also found inBalbalan, Kalinga
  3. Binungan –Baay-Licuan andLacub
  4. Balatok – in the villages of Amti, Kilong-olaw, & Danak, all inBoliney
  5. Belwang – in the village of Dao-angan inBoliney
  6. Gubang –Malibcong
  7. Inlaud –Lagangilang andPeñarrubia, in Lumaba village ofVillaviciosa, in the villages of Abang and Patoc inBucay, inLangiden,San Isidro,San Quintin,Danglas (also found in some parts ofNueva Era)
  8. Mabaka –Lacub andMalibcong
  9. Maeng –Luba,Tubo andVillaviciosa, (also found inSan Emilio, Ilocos Sur,Banayoyo and other towns in Ilocos Sur)
  10. Masadiit –Sallapadan,Bucloc and in the village of Sapdaan inManabo, and inbarangays Poblacion, Bawiyan, and Dumagas inBoliney
  11. Ammutan a.k.a. Muyadan tribe – inManabo

Ethnic people of Apayao

[edit]
  1. Isnag tribe – also known asIsneg comprising the sub-groups known as theYmandaya andImallod (Isnag refers to the people, whileIsneg refers to the dialect). Isnags are found not only inApayao but also in the eastern section ofIlocos Norte, northwestern portion ofCagayan, and Tineg, Abra. Their places of abode in Apayao are as follows:
  2. Ymandaya (Isnag) –Calanasan (Bayag)
  3. Imallod (Isnag) –Kabugao,Conner,Pudtol, and some parts ofLuna (Macatel)
  4. Malaweg –Conner
  5. Itawis – Conner

Ethnic people of Benguet

[edit]
  1. Ibaloi
  2. Kankanaey
  3. Kalanguya[43]
  4. Karao Tribe

Ethnic people of Ifugao

[edit]
  1. Ifugao
  2. Tuwali
  3. Ayangan
  4. Kalanguya
  5. Ifannawer –Banaue

Ethnic people of Kalinga

[edit]
  1. Kalinga
  2. Tubog
  3. Banao
  4. Tanudan
  5. Tanudan
  6. Tongrayan
  7. Ifutfut: Fugnay, Ngifat, Lacnog, Tabuk
  8. Iterkaw: Nambaran, Tabuk
  9. Ifasao: Isla, Appas Tabuk
  10. Ichananaw: Lacnog, Tabuk
  11. Itongrayan: Luprupa, Ifunug, Amfato, Damsite, Tabuk
  12. Isumacher: Sumacher, Filong, Man-ufer, Mallango, Fangad, Madopdop, Lacnog, Ipil, Bayabat, Tannubong, Bulo. Tabuk
  13. Ylubuagen: Lubuagan
  14. Ipinukpuk
  15. Kankana-ey
  16. Bagbag-o
  17. Ifontok
  18. Ilocano

Ethnic people of Mountain Province

[edit]
  1. Bontoc –Bontoc
  2. Balangao – Natonin
  3. Baliwon – Paracelis
  4. Kankanaey: Bauko, Besao, Sabangan and Sagada

Languages

[edit]

The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in the Philippines"[34] with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major languages.[34] This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region.[34] However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity".[34] The region has been using theIlocano language as alingua franca across different Igorot groups. The use ofFilipino andEnglish as the official languages of the Philippines is also implemented within the Cordillera.

  • Balangao, spoken in Natonin and Paracelis, Mountain Province.
  • Bontoc, spoken in Bontoc, Mountain Province.
  • Ga'dang, spoken in Paracelis, Mountain Province
  • Ibaloi, spoken in Benguet.
  • Ifugao, spoken in Ifugao.
  • Ilocano, spoken in Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Benguet, and Ifugao. It is the regional lingua franca.
  • Isnag, spoken in Apayao.
  • Itawis, spoken in part of Apayao
  • Itneg, spoken in Abra.
  • Kalinga, spoken in Kalinga, southern area of Apayao, and northern area of Mountain Province.
  • Kalanguya, spoken in some parts of Benguet.
  • Kankanaey, spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet.

Religion

[edit]

Like most other regions of the Philippines,Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20–30% of the population.[44][45] The traditionalanitist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people. There is a significant increasing members ofIglesia Ni Cristo for the landmarks likekapilyas (chapels) in each town approximately 4-6% .

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Cordillera Administrative Region

10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
51.03
2003
32.20
2006
25.95
2009
25.08
2012
22.84
2015
22.69
2018
12.05
2021
6.90

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Roads and bridges

[edit]
  • Apayao – Ilocos Norte Road – As a lateral road, the highway is a significant element of the Cordillera Roads Improvement Project (CRIP), connecting Northern Cordillera to the Ilocos Region. It traverses Apayao's Kabugao and Calanasan municipalities and turns west to Ilocos Norte's Solsona. This road project was started on January 7, 2013, and will be completed around December 2020.[54]

Culture

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2015)
The Bontoc Museum, run by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, hosts many of the materials used by the different tribes of the Mountain Province.

The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga,nose flute,bamboo flute,buzzer,bangibang,tongatong,diwdiw-as,saggeypo, and bamboo zither.The region is also known for their dance, arts, and crafts like wood-carving, ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets, tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and ikat weaving.[citation needed]

The symbol of the tattoo of theBontocs is about being brave (because of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm against evil forces, or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader, Mayor). They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin.[citation needed]

It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and crafts as a source of income like wood-carving, basket-weaving, weaving clothes, amulets and ikat weaving. They have different patterns in weaving and they also have their own God that is called "Bulul", it is the God of the rice that is made and worshipped by theIfugaos. Aside from their tattoo art, the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in making different baskets for storage and rice.[citation needed]

Tourism

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Maligcong rice terraces inBontoc, Mountain Province

Notable people

[edit]
Main articles:Abra (province) § Notable people,Benguet § Notable people,List of people from Baguio,Kalinga (province) § Notable people, andMountain Province § Notable people

See also

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References

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  1. ^"POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025".doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020. Archived fromthe original on May 14, 2021. RetrievedOctober 16, 2020.
  2. ^Census of Population (2015)."Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority. RetrievedJune 20, 2016.
  3. ^ab"2022 to 2024 Gross Regional Domestic Product"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority.
  4. ^"Direktoryo ng mga Ahensiya at Opisyal ng Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas" [Directory of Agencies and Officials of the Government of the Philippines](PDF) (in Filipino). Department of Budget and Management. p. 181. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2025.
  5. ^ab"Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)".CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived fromthe original on October 22, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2014.
  6. ^"It's official: Philippine population at 109 million".RAPPLER. July 8, 2021. RetrievedJuly 10, 2023.
  7. ^ab"Mt. Province".VisitMyPhilippines.com The Ultimate Travel Guide for Tourists. Department of Tourism. RetrievedDecember 23, 2013.
  8. ^Keesing, Felix; Keesing, Marie (1934).Taming Philippine Headhunters: A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon. Stanford University Press. pp. 67–69.ISBN 9780804721103 – via Hathi Trust.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  9. ^"Benguet History".Province of Benguet (official website). Archived fromthe original on October 19, 2014. RetrievedOctober 22, 2014.Benguet was once part of Mountain Province.
  10. ^"Historical Background".Provincial Government of Apayao. Archived fromthe original on January 4, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2015.
  11. ^Kasaysayan. Vol. 3, no. 1–4. National Historical Institute. 1978. p. 16https://books.google.com/books?id=9MbjAAAAMAAJ. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2015.{{cite magazine}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)[clarification needed]
  12. ^Ingles, Raul Rafael (2008).1908 :The Way it Really was: Historical Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908–2008. Diliman, Quezon City:University of the Philippines Press. pp. 330, 339.ISBN 978-9715425803. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2015.
  13. ^Worcester, Dean C.;Philippine Commission (1908).Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1908(Digitized byGoogle on November 23, 2005 (Original file from theUniversity of Michigan)). Manila: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 17–19. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2015.Google Books link
  14. ^Philippines. Census Office; Buencamino, Felipe; Villamor, Ignacio (1920).Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 1. Bureau of printing. p. 68.
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  16. ^"Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao".Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2014.
  17. ^"Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province".Philippine Statistics Authority – National Statistical Coordination Board.Department of the Interior and Local Government – Cordillera Administrative Region. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2015.
  18. ^"Historical Background".Provincial Government of Apayao. April 15, 2013. Archived fromthe original on January 4, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2015.
  19. ^"DULAG, Macli-ing – Bantayog ng mga Bayani".Bantayog ng mga Bayani. Bantayog Memorial Center. October 15, 2015. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2017.
  20. ^Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015).Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.ISBN 978-971-542-772-2.
  21. ^abcdCariño, Joanna K. (April 22–27, 1980)."The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy".Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines. Manila. Archived fromthe original on April 14, 2018.
  22. ^Marcos, Ferdinand E. (December 12, 1975)."Presidential Decree No 848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF KALINGA-APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION".CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. RetrievedApril 14, 2018.
  23. ^Catajan, Maria Elena (April 22, 2017)."Chico hydro project opposed".SunStar.Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. RetrievedApril 14, 2018.
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  29. ^abc"Cordillera Autonomy". Dona Dee Lacdao. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2015 – via Scribd.
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  32. ^"Creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region pushed". July 2, 2017.
  33. ^"Mayor Domogan optimistic on OK of Cordillera Autonomous Region bill with P75B investments". July 2, 2017.
  34. ^abcde"Car | Dof – Bureau of Local Government Finance".
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External links

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Places adjacent to Cordillera Administrative Region
Regional center
Provinces
Highly urbanized city
Component city
Provincial capitals
Municipalities
Luzon
Coat of arms of the Philippines
Visayas
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