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Coptic names are the personal names used by theCopts, the indigenous inhabitants ofEgypt. They reflect the intersection of Egyptian, Greek and Arab influences in the region and encompass a diverse range of naming practices, which have evolved over centuries.
The oldest layer of the Egyptian naming tradition is native Egyptian names. These can be either traced back to pre-Coptic stage of the language, attested inHieroglyphic,Hieratic orDemotic texts (i.e.ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛAmoun,ⲛⲁⲃⲉⲣϩⲟNaberho,ϩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱϫHerwōč,ⲧⲁⲏⲥⲓTaēsi) or be first attested in Coptic texts and derived from purely Coptic lemmas (i.e.ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲣⲁⲛPaniran,ⲡⲁⲙⲃⲱPambō,ⲗⲟⲩⲗⲉLoule,ⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩϣⲏⲙTaloušēm).
The conquest of Egypt byAlexander the Great and subsequent rule of thePtolemaic dynasty led to Hellenisation of Egypt, which led to adoption of a great number of Greek names by the Copts (i.e.ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥGeōrgios,ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥPaulos,ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥTheodōros,ⲑⲉⲕⲗⲁThekla,ⲕⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁKleopatra), which was advanced even further by theChristianization and influx of Hellenised Hebrew and Aramaic names (i.e.ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥIōhannēs,ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫIōsēph,ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙAbraham,ⲉⲗⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲧElisabet). Most names with exclusively pagan connotations, both Egyptian and Greek, fell out of use after the 3rd century, although some persisted, taken from the martyrdoms of venerated saints, e.g. Anoup, Phib, Diogenes, Phoibammon, Shenoute, Sarapion, Onnophris.[1]
TheRoman conquest of Egypt added Latin names to Egyptian naming tradition (ⲃⲓⲕⲧⲱⲣViktōr,ⲥⲉⲩⲏⲣⲟⲥSevēros). Over time, many of these foreign names were gradually Egyptianized, while some Egyptian names underwent Hellenization, resulting in the development of a distinctive syncretic Graeco-Egyptian naming tradition.
After theArab conquests of theMiddle East, the Arabs implemented a policy of strict segregation to subjugate the native inhabitants of the occupied lands, including the Copts in Egypt. This policy aimed to easily identify and exploit them financially. The second Caliph,Umar I, established a code known as "The Pact of Umar" that governed the relationship between ruling Muslims and the non-Muslim "People of the Book" (including Christians). The code restricted non-Muslims from using certain names, nicknames, andkunyas. The Sunni juristIbn Qayyim al-Jawziyya emphasized that Muslim names were reserved exclusively for Muslims, while non-Muslims were allowed to use their own names or shared names. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from using names that implied honor or virtue, e.g.Rashid (Arabic:رشيد,lit. 'rightly guided') orSalih (Arabic:صالح,lit. 'good').
Despite these strict restrictions, changes began to emerge over time. During theFatimid Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from969 to1171 and followed theIsmaili branch of Shia Islam, there was a relative period of tolerance towards the Copts. The Fatimids sought the support of the educated Coptic population and relaxed some of the Sunni restrictions. As a result, Copts started assimilating into Arab and Muslim culture to escape social segregation and promote social mobility. This included adopting Arab and Muslim names for their children, as well as using nicknames and kunyas that were previously exclusive to Arabs and Muslims.[2]
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (Amoun) | Arabic:آمون,romanized: Amūn | Ancient Egyptian:Ỉmn,lit. 'Amun' |
| ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ (Anoup) | Arabic:أنوب,romanized: Anūb | Ancient Egyptian:Ỉnpw,lit. 'Anubis' |
| ⲁⲧⲣⲉ (Atre) | Arabic:أثريه,romanized: Athrīya | Ancient Egyptian:ḥtr,lit. 'a twin' |
| ⲃⲁⲛⲉ (Vane) | Arabic:فانا,romanized: Fāna | Ancient Egyptian:Bne, fromProto-Semitic*ban- "son" |
| ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ (Venipi) | Arabic:وانيبى,romanized: Wanībi | Ancient Egyptian:bjꜣ n pt,lit. 'iron, lit. "metal of the heaven"' |
| ⲃⲉⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (Venofer) | Arabic:نُوفِير,romanized: Nūfir | Ancient Egyptian:wnn-nfrw,lit. 'he who is in a state of well-being', an epithet of Anubis |
| ⲃⲏⲥ (Vēs) | Arabic:ويصا,romanized: Wīsa, | Ancient Egyptian:Bi-s,lit. 'Bes' |
| ⲉⲃⲱⲛϩ (Evōnh) | Arabic:إيبونه,romanized: Ibūna | Ancient Egyptian:Ỉw-f-ʿnḫ,lit. 'may he live' |
| ⲕⲉⲗⲗⲟⲩϫ (Kellouj) | Arabic:كَلُوج,romanized: Kalūj | Ancient Egyptian:ḳꜣlꜣwḏꜣ,lit. 'a whelp' |
| ⲛⲁⲃⲉⲣϩⲟ (Naverho) | Arabic:نَهْرُوه,romanized: Nahrūh | Ancient Egyptian:nfr-ḥr,lit. 'beautiful in face', an epithet of Ptah |
| ⲛⲁϩⲣⲱⲟⲩ (Nahrōw) | Ancient Egyptian:Ỉr.t-Ḥr-r.rw,lit. 'the eye of Horus is against them' | |
| ⲟⲩⲉⲣϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (Weršenoufi) | Arabic:ورشنوفة,romanized: Waršanūfa | Ancient Egyptian:wršy-nfr,lit. 'good guardian' |
| ⲡⲁⲏⲥⲓ (Paēsi) | Arabic:ابا يسي,romanized: Abaīsi | Ancient Egyptian:Pa-Ỉs.t,lit. 'the one of Isis' |
| ⲡⲁⲙⲃⲱ (Pambō) | Arabic:بموا,romanized: Bemwā | ⲡⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲙⲃⲱ ("Ombos"), "the one of Ombos" |
| ⲡⲁⲙⲓⲛ (Pamin) | Arabic:بمين,romanized: Bamīn | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-mn,lit. 'the one of Min' |
| ⲡⲓⲗⲓϩⲏⲩ (Pilihēi) | Arabic:بلحاو,romanized: Bilihāw | "possessing profit, useful" |
| ⲡⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ(Pemsah) | Arabic:بامساح,romanized: Bamsāh; | Ancient Egyptian:Pȝ-Msḥ,lit. 'the crocodile' |
| ⲡⲁⲛⲁⲩ (Panau) | Arabic:باناو,romanized: Bānāū | Fromⲡⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛ- (genitive marker) +ⲁⲩ ("donkey"), "donkey driver" or "the one ofSet" |
| ⲫⲁⲛⲓⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ (Phanisnēw) | Arabic:بانسناو,romanized: Banisnāw | ⲫⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛⲓ- ("plural definite article") +ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ("brothers"), "the one of the brothers" |
| ⲡⲁⲛⲉϩⲁⲥ (Panehas) | Arabic:فينحاس,romanized: Finhās | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-nḥs,lit. 'the black' |
| ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲛⲉ (Panine) | Arabic:باننينا,romanized: Bānīnā | Fromⲡⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛ- (genitive marker) +ⲉⲓⲛⲉ ("chain"), "the one of chain", "guardian" |
| ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲣⲁⲛ (Paniran) | ⲫⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛⲓ- ("plural definite article") +ⲣⲁⲛ ("names"), "the one of many names, honours" | |
| ⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ (Phanoub) | Arabic:بانوب,romanized: Banūb | ⲫⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛⲟⲩⲃ ("gold"), "the one of gold" |
| ⲡⲁⲧⲁⲡⲓ (Patapi) | Arabic:بضابا,romanized: Biḍāba | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-dỉ-Ḥp,lit. 'given by the Apis/Nile' |
| ⲡⲁⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ (Paphnouti) | Arabic:ببنودة,romanized: Babnūda | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣy-pꜣ-ntr,lit. 'the one of the god' |
| ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛϯ (Pašonti) | Arabic:بشندي,romanized: Bašandi | ⲡⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ϣⲟⲛϯ ("acacia tree"), "the one of acacia tree" |
| ⲡⲁϩⲱⲣ (Pahōr) | Arabic:باهور,romanized: Bahūr | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-ḥr,lit. 'the one ofHorus' |
| ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ (Pakhōm) | Arabic:باخوم,romanized: Bakhūm | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-ꜥẖm,lit. 'the one of the falcon' |
| ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲫⲣⲏ (Petephrē) | Arabic:بادبرا,romanized: Badabra | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-dj-pꜣ-rꜥ,lit. 'he whom Ra has given' |
| ⲡⲉϣⲟⲩⲣ (Pešour)/ ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲩⲣⲁ (Pisoura) | Arabic:بيسورا,romanized: Bisūra | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-ꜥswr,lit. 'the Assyrian' |
| ⲡⲓϣⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (Pišennoufi) | Arabic:بشنونة,romanized: Bašnuna | ⲡⲓ- (definite masculine article) +ϣⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ ("good news"), "the good news, gospel", a calque of Greek "εὐαγγέλιον" |
| ⲫⲓⲃ (Phib) | Arabic:بيب,romanized: Bīb | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-hb,lit. 'the ibis' |
| ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ (Pišōy) | Arabic:بيشوي,romanized: Bišūy, | Ancient Egyptian:pꜣ-šꜣj,lit. 'the fate' |
| ⲡⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ (Pijimi) | Arabic:بيجيمي,romanized: Bijīmi | ⲡⲓ- (definite masculine article) +ϫⲓⲙⲓ ("finding, thing found") |
| ϩⲁⲣⲙⲓⲛⲏ (Harminē) | Arabic:هرمينا,romanized: Harmīna | Ancient Egyptian:Ḥr-Mn,lit. 'Horus-Min' |
| ϩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱϫ (Herwōj) | Arabic:هرواج,romanized: Harwāj | Ancient Egyptian:ḥr-wḏꜣ,lit. 'healthy Horus' |
| ϫⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ (Jamoul) | Arabic:جامول,romanized: Jamūl | "camel" |
| ϫⲓϭⲱⲓ (Jičōi) | Arabic:جيجوي,romanized: Jijūy | Ancient Egyptian:Ṯȝy-ḏy,lit. 'the bearer of the hairlock', an epithet ofHarpocrates |
| ϫⲱⲣⲓ (Jōri) | Arabic:جورى,romanized: Jūri | "strong", the Arabic formKhuzi (خوزي) mentioned in the Synaxarium is a scribal mistake |
| ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ (Šenouti) | Arabic:شِنُودة,romanized: Šinūda | ϣⲉ- ("son") +ⲛⲟⲩϯ ("god"), "son of god" |
| ϭⲓⲛⲟⲩⲥⲓ (Çinousi) | Arabic:شنوسي,romanized: Šinūsi | |
| Female names | ||
| ⲁⲥⲉⲛⲛⲉⲑ (Asenneth) | Arabic:اسنات,romanized: Asnāt | Ancient Egyptian:js.w-(n)-n(j)t,lit. 'belonging to Neth' |
| ⲗⲟⲩⲗⲉ (Loule) | Arabic:لولا,romanized: Lūla | "girl" |
| ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ (Menrit) | Arabic:مريت,romanized: Mirrīt | "beloved" |
| ⲧⲁⲏⲥⲓ (Taisi) | Arabic:تاييس,romanized: Taīyis | Ancient Egyptian:ta-Ỉs.t,lit. 'the one of Isis' |
| ⲧⲁⲙⲡⲣⲟ (Tampro) | Arabic:أمبيرة,romanized: Ambīra | "doorkeeper" |
| ⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩϣⲏⲙ (Taloušēm) | Arabic:طالوشاط,romanized: Talušām, | "the little maiden" |
| ⲧⲁⲥⲱⲛⲓ (Tasōni) | Arabic:تاسونى,romanized: Tasūni | Fromⲧⲁ- (possessive feminine article) +ⲥⲱⲛⲓ ("sister"), "my sister" |
| ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲟⲩ (Taroow) | Arabic:دروى,romanized: Darwa | "burr, thistle" |
| ⲧⲉϭⲟϣⲉ (Teçoše) | Arabic:دجاشة,romanized: Dajāša | "Ethiopian" |
| ⲧϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ (Tšenouti) | Arabic:دشنودة,romanized: Dašanūda | ⲧϣⲉ- ("daughter") +ⲛⲟⲩϯ ("god"), "daughter of god" |
| ⲧⲁⲡϣⲁⲓ (Tapšay) | Arabic:دبشاية,romanized: Dabšāya | Fromⲧⲁ- (possessive feminine article) +ⲡϣⲁⲓ ("the celebration, festival"), "the one of the celebration, festival" |
| ⲧⲁϩⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥⲓ (Thoumisi) | Arabic:دهميسة,romanized: Dahumīsa | Fromⲧⲁ- (possessive feminine article) +ϩⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥⲓ ("birthday"), "the one of birthday" |
| ⲕⲟⲩⲗⲱϫⲉ (Koulōje) | Ancient Egyptian:ḳꜣlꜣwḏꜣ,lit. 'a whelp' | |
| ⲑⲉⲗⲗⲱ (Thellō) | Arabic:تالا,romanized: Talā | "respectable", "honorable elder" |
| ϫⲉⲙⲙⲁϩⲱⲣ (Jemmahōr) | Fromϫⲉⲙ- (possessive feminine article) +ⲁϩⲱⲣ ("treasures"), "finder of treasures" | |
| ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ (Šōšen) | Ancient Egyptian:zšn,lit. 'lotus flower' | |
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ | Arabic:أثناسيوس,romanized: Atnasiūs | Athanasius |
| ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ | Arabic:ألكسندروس,romanized: Alaksandrūs | Alexander |
| ⲁⲛⲇⲣⲉⲁⲥ | Arabic:اندراوس,romanized: Andarāwus | Andrew |
| ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲓⲟⲥ | Arabic:باسليوس,romanized: Basalyūs | Basil |
| ⲃⲓⲕⲧⲱⲣ | Arabic:بقطر,romanized: Buqṭur | Victor |
| ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ;ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓ | Arabic:جاورجيوس,romanized: Gawargiūs; | George |
| ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ | Arabic:أبفانيوس,romanized: Abifānius; | Epiphanius |
| ⲉⲩⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛ | Arabic:ودامون,romanized: Wadamūn | Eudaemon |
| ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲁⲕⲟⲥ | Arabic:قرياقوس,romanized: Qiryāqūs | Cyriacus |
| ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ | Arabic:كيرلس,romanized: Kirūllus | Cyril |
| ⲕⲩⲣⲟⲥ | Arabic:كاراس,romanized: Kārās; | Cyrus |
| ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ | Arabic:مرقس,romanized: Murqus | Mark |
| ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ | Arabic:بولس,romanized: Būlus | Paul |
| ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ | Arabic:بطرس,romanized: Butrus | Peter |
| ⲑⲁⲗⲁⲥⲥⲓⲱⲛ | Arabic:لتصون,romanized: Latṣūn | "of the sea" |
| ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲁⲕⲏ | Arabic:تيودوراكي,romanized: Tiwudurāki | Theodorakios |
| ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ | Arabic:تواضروس,romanized: Tawadrūs; | Theodore |
| ⲥⲉⲩⲏⲣⲟⲥ | Arabic:ساويرس,romanized: Sawarīs | Severus |
| ⲫⲓⲗⲟⲡⲁⲧⲱⲣ | Arabic:فيلوباتير,romanized: Filubatīr | Philopator |
| Female names | ||
| ⲉⲩⲫⲣⲟⲥⲓⲛⲁ | Arabic:افروسينا,romanized: Afrūsīnā | "cheerful" |
| ⲇⲁⲙⲓⲁⲛⲏ | Arabic:دميانة,romanized: Damiāna | Demiana |
| ⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ | Arabic:إيريني,romanized: Irīnī, | Irene |
| ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ | Arabic:دركن,romanized: Darkūn, | "ruler, leader" |
| ⲧⲉⲩⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ | Arabic:دولاجي,romanized: Dulāji | ⲧ- (definite feminine article) +Ancient Greek:εὐλογία,lit. 'blessing' |
| ⲕⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ | Arabic:كليوباترا,romanized: Kliubātra | Cleopatra |
| ⲑⲉⲕⲗⲁ | Arabic:تكله,romanized: Takla | Thecla |
| ⲣⲓⲯⲓⲙⲏ | Arabic:أربسيما,romanized: Arabsīma | Hripsime,Ancient Greek:Ριψιμιά |
| ϩⲏⲣⲁⲓⲥ | Arabic:هيرايسي,romanized: Hirāisi | Ancient Greek:Ἡραίς,lit. 'ofHera' |
| ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲁ | Arabic:ثيودورا,romanized: Thiūdūra | Theodora |
| ⲥⲩⲛⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲕⲏ | Arabic:سينكليتيكا,romanized: Sīnklītīka | Syncletica |
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| ⲁⲣⲡⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ (Arpokratōr) | Arabic:اربقراطور,romanized: Arbuqrātūr | Harpocrates |
| ⲓⲥⲓⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ (Isidōros) | Arabic:سيداروس,romanized: Sidārūs | Isidore |
| ⲫⲁⲛⲓⲕⲉⲣⲟⲥ/ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲕⲩⲣⲟⲥ(Phanikeros/Panikyros) | Arabic:بانيقاروس,romanized: Baniqārus | Fromⲡⲁ- (possessive masculine article) +ⲛ- (genitive marker) +ⲕⲩⲣⲟⲥ ("Lord"), "the one of the Lord" |
| ⲫⲟⲓⲃⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ (Phoibammōn) | Arabic:بيفام,romanized: Bifām | Φοῖβος (“Brilliant one, epithet ofApollo”) + Ἄμμων (“Amun”) |
| ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓⲟⲥ (Patermouthios) | Arabic:بدرمتاوش,romanized: Badarmutaūs | A Hellenisation ofⲡⲁⲧⲉⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ |
| ⲡⲉⲥⲩⲛⲑⲓⲟⲥ (Pesynthios) | Arabic:بسنده,romanized: Basanda | A Hellenisation ofⲡⲁϣⲟⲛϯ |
| ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ (Psōtēr) | Arabic:ابصودار,romanized: Absudār | ⲡ- (definite masculine article) + Σωτήρ "saviour", an epithet of Christ |
| ⲥⲉⲛⲟⲩⲑⲓⲟⲥ (Senouthios) | Arabic:سنوتيوس,romanized: Sanutyūs | A Hellenisation ofϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ |
| ⲥⲁⲣⲁⲡⲁⲙⲱⲛ (Sarapamōn) | Arabic:سربام,romanized: Sarabām | Σέραπις (“Serapis”) + Ἄμμων (“Amun”) |
| ⲙⲏⲛⲁ (Mēna) | Arabic:مينا,romanized: Mīna | FromAncient Greek Μηνᾶς (Mēnâs) which comes fromDemoticmnw (“the god Min”) |
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ (Avraham) | Arabic:ابرام,romanized: Abrām, | Abraham |
| ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ (Veniamin) | Arabic:بنيامين,romanized: Binyamīn | Benjamin |
| ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ (Gavriēl) | Arabic:غبريال,romanized: G̣abriyāl | Gabriel |
| ⲇⲁⲩⲉⲓⲇ (Daueid) | Arabic:داويد,romanized: Dawīd, | David |
| ⲉⲛⲱⲭ (Enōkh) | Arabic:اخنوخ,romanized: Akhnūkh | Enoch |
| ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ (Iōsēph) | Arabic:يوساب,romanized: Yusāb | Joseph |
| ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ (Iohannēs) | Arabic:يوحانس,romanized: Yuhānnis, Arabic:يحنس,romanized: Yahnis,Arabic:يوحنا,romanized: Yuhanna | John |
| ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ (Isaak) | Arabic:إسحاق,romanized: Ishāq | Isaac |
| ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ (Mikhaēl) | Arabic:ميخاييل,romanized: Mikhayīl | Michael |
| ⲡⲁⲣⲥⲱⲙⲁ (Parsōma) | Arabic:برسوما,romanized: Barsūma; | Classical Syriac:ܒܪܨܘܡܐ,romanized: Barsauma,lit. 'son of fasting' |
| ⲥⲉⲇⲣⲁⲕ (Sedrak) | Arabic:سدراك,romanized: Sidrāk | Sydrach |
| ⲥⲓⲥⲓⲛⲛⲓⲟⲥ (Sisinnios) | Arabic:سيسينيوس,romanized: Sisinyūs | FromSyriac:sysnʾ, ultimately fromAkkadian:sissinnu,lit. 'fruited date palm branch' |
| ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ (Zakharias) | Arabic:زكريا,romanized: Zakarīyā | Zachary |
| Female names | ||
| ⲉⲗⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲧ (Elisavet) | Arabic:اليصابات,romanized: Alisabāt | Elisabeth |
| ⲙⲁⲣⲑⲁ (Martha) | Arabic:مرتا,romanized: Martā | Martha |
| ⲣⲉⲃⲉⲕⲕⲁ (Revekka) | Arabic:رفقة,romanized: Rifqa | Rebecca |
| ⲥⲟⲩⲥⲁⲛⲛⲁ (Sousanna) | Arabic:سوسنة,romanized: Susana | Susan |
| Arabic | English | Coptic | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male names | |||
| نجيب | Naguib | "extraordinary" | |
| فريد | Farid | "unique" | |
| فادي | Fadi | "redeemer, saviour" | |
| رامي | Rami | "archer" | |
| ثروت | Tharwat | "treasure" | |
| عبد المسيح | Abd el-Masih | ⲁⲡⲧⲏⲗⲙⲉⲥⲏϩ (Aptēlmesēh) | "slave of the Messiah" |
| لبيب | Labib | ⲗⲁⲃⲓⲃ (Labib) | "wise" |
| سيدهم | Sidhom | ⲥⲓⲇϩⲟⲙ (Sidhom) | "their Lord" |
| ميلاد | Milad | "birth", "Christmas" | |
| رمزي | Ramzi | "iconic" | |
| كامل | Kamal | "perfect, genuine" | |
| صليب | Salib | ⲥⲁⲗⲉⲡ (Salep) | "cross" |
| باسم | Basem | ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲙⲟⲥ (Basimos) | "smiling" |
| حديد | Hadid | ϩⲁⲇⲓⲇ (Hadid) | "iron" |
| حبيب | Habib | ϩⲁⲡⲓⲡ (Hapip),ⲁⲃⲓⲃⲟ (Abibo) | "beloved" |
| عبد الله | Abdulla | ⲁⲃⲇⲉⲗⲗⲁ (Abdella),ⲃⲓⲕⲟⲩⲗⲗⲁ (Bikoulla), a Copto-Arabic hybrid, where Arabic "abd" is replaced with "ⲃⲱⲕ" "servant" | "servant of God" |
| Female names | |||
| ماجدة | Majda | "glorious" | |
Some of the modern Coptic Arabic names are translation of Christian names and concepts from Coptic and Greek:
| Arabic translation | Coptic/Greek name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Salah (صلاح) | Αγαθόν (Agathon) | "good" |
| Atallah (عطاالله) | Θεόδωρος (Theodoros) | "given by God" |
| Abd al-Mashih (عبد المسيح) | ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲇⲟⲩⲗⲟⲥ (Khristodulos) | "servant to the Messiah (Christ)" |
| Sadiq (صديق) | ⲡⲓⲑⲙⲏⲓ (Pithmei) | "true, righteous" |
| Sami (سامي) | ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ (Pišōy) | “high, exalted” |
| Habib (حبيب) | ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ (Menrit) | "beloved" |
| Eid (عيد) | ⲡⲓϣⲁⲓ (Pišai) | "feast, holiday" |
| Fadi (فادي) | ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ (Psōtēr) | "saviour" |
| Ḥikma (حكمة) | ⲥⲟⲫⲓⲁ (Sophia) | "wisdom" |
| Iman (إيمان) | ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲓⲥ (Pistis) | "faith" |
| Bishara (بشارة) | ⲡⲓϣⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (Pišennoufi) | "good news", "Annunciation" |
| Salib (صليب) | ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ (Pistauros) | "cross" |
Diminutives and shortened forms are created by either removing one or more syllables from the beginning or end of the original first name to create a familiar or affectionate variation that is often used in casual or close relationships.[3]
| Name | Diminutive |
|---|---|
| ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲥ | ⲁⲑⲁ,ⲁⲑⲁⲛ,ⲁⲑⲁⲥ |
| ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ | ⲧⲉϫⲓ (Arabic:داجى,romanized: Dāji), ⲑⲱⲧⲣⲓ, ⲇⲱⲣⲉ |
| ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ | ⲁⲗⲉⲝ, ⲁⲗⲝⲁⲓ |
| ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ | ϯⲙⲱ |
| ⲕⲩⲣⲟⲥ | ⲕⲩⲣⲓ |
| ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ | ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲉ |
| ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ | ⲫⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ (Arabic:بنايوس,romanized: Banayūs),ⲡⲉⲫⲁⲛⲏ (Arabic:بفان,romanized: Befān) |
| ⲥⲧⲉⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ | ⲡⲫⲁⲛⲟⲥ (Arabic:فانوس,romanized: Fanūs) |
| ⲕⲗⲁⲩⲇⲓⲟⲥ | ⲕⲗⲟⲧⲓ |
| ⲕⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ | ⲕⲗⲉⲱⲡⲁ |
Coptic has a number of compound names, made by combiningⲁⲡⲁ, a Coptic rendering of the Greek word ἀββα (abba, “abba, father”), with a personal name of a saint or a martyr, whose honorific title "abba" became a part of his name (i.e.St. Abadir,St. Abamun,St. Abanub).[4]
| Coptic | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Male names | ||
| ⲁⲡⲁⲕⲩⲣⲓ (Apakyri) | Arabic:اباكير,romanized: Abakīr | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲕⲩⲣⲓ |
| ⲁⲡⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (Apamoun) | Arabic:ابامون,romanized: Abamūn | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ |
| ⲁⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ (Apanoub) | Arabic:ابانوب,romanized: Abanūb | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ |
| ⲁⲡⲁⲥⲭⲩⲣⲟⲛ (Apaskhyron) | Arabic:أباسخيرون,romanized: Abaskhirūn | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲓⲥⲭⲩⲣⲱⲛ |
| ⲁⲡⲁⲧⲓⲗ (Apatil) | Arabic:اباتيل,romanized: Abatīl | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲧⲓⲗ |
| ⲁⲡⲁⲧⲏⲣ (Apatēr) | Arabic:ابادير,romanized: Abadīr | A combination ofⲁⲡⲁ and a personal nameⲧⲏⲣ |
In recent years the original Coptic forms of the names get replaced with European ones, mostly from English, French and German, e.g.Maurice (Arabic:موريس,Coptic:ⲙⲱⲣⲓⲥ, ⲙⲁⲩⲣⲏⲥ) replaced the nativeMaurikios (Coptic:ⲙⲁⲩⲣⲓⲕⲓⲟⲥ,Arabic:موريكيوس) and George (Arabic:جورج) replaced Georgios (Coptic:ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ,Arabic:جرجس,romanized: Girgis).
With the rise of Egyptology in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Ancient Egyptian names, often adopted from Ancient Greek "Egyptological" forms, gained prominence among the Coptic community, i.e. Ramesses or Ramsis (compare toCoptic:ⲣⲁⲙⲁⲥⲥⲏ,romanized: Ramassē, a form attested in the Bible), Amasis, Sesostris, Narmer.
The concept of second name and a surname wasn't developed in Classical Coptic, although epithets and nicknames were used to distinguish people, such as:
ⲁⲙⲉ "herd, pastor", ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ "Southener", ⲡⲉⲃⲱ "dumb", ⲡⲕⲱϩⲧ "fire", ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲛϣ "the wolf", ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲙⲉ "the black", ⲡⲓϧⲉⲙⲥ "ear of corn", ⲡⲉϭⲱϣ "Ethiopian, black", ⲡϭⲏϫⲉ "purple", ⲱ "great", ϣⲏⲙ "small", ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥ (Gr.) "bright, shining", ⲧⲭⲉϩⲗⲓ (Ar.) "of the elders", ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ (Arabic:بسطاوروس,romanized: Bastawrus) "the cross".
Demonyms are based on the place of origin, formed by either using a prefixⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙ- ("the man of") and its female equivalentϯⲣⲉⲙ- or by using possessive articleⲡⲁ- and its feminine parallelⲧⲁ- "the one of" (typical toMiddle Egypt[5]):
Masculine: ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ (pi-Remrakoti) "from Alexandria", ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ (pi-Rempousiri) "fromPousiri", ⲡⲁⲛⲉ (Pane) "fromThebes", ⲡⲣⲟⲙⲉⲛⲉⲥⲓⲛⲁ (p-Romenesina) "fromSinai";
Feminine: ⲧⲁⲡⲓⲁⲙ (Tapiam) "fromFaiyum", ⲧⲣⲟⲙⲡⲁⲃⲁⲓⲧ (t-Rompabait) "fromBehbeit", etc.
The patronymics, like in many other languages, Coptic uses patronymics to establish lineage, differentiate individuals and provide practical identification within certain cultures by incorporating the father's name into a person's own name. In Coptic it is achieved by adding prefixⲡϣⲉⲛ- (or its formsⲡⲥⲉⲛ-/ⲯⲉⲛ-), "the son of" orⲧϣⲉⲛ- (or its formsⲧⲥⲉⲛ-/ϫⲉⲛ-) "the daughter of" to a father's name. Additionally,ⲡϣⲏ is used to translate Arabic patronymic (Arabic:ابن,romanized: ibn,lit. 'son of'). So if someones name is Tawadrus ibn Mīnā in Arabic, it would be Theodoros pshe Mena (ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲡϣⲏ ⲙⲏⲛⲁ) in Coptic.[6]