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Cooch Behar Koch Bihar | |
|---|---|
City | |
  Top:Cooch Behar Palace, bottom: Sadardighi Lake in 2013 | |
  Cooch Behar Location in West Bengal, India Show map of West Bengal Cooch Behar Cooch Behar (India) Show map of India | |
| Coordinates:26°19′27.084″N89°27′3.6″E / 26.32419000°N 89.451000°E /26.32419000; 89.451000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Cooch Behar |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Cooch Behar Municipality |
| • Chairman | Rabindra Nath Ghosh (All India Trinamool Congress) |
| Area | |
• Total | 8.29 km2 (3.20 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
• Total | 77,935 |
| • Density | 832/km2 (2,150/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Bengali[3][4] |
| • Additional official | English,[3]Rajbongshi[5] |
| • Regional | Bengali, Rajbongshi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 736101 |
| Telephone code | 03582 |
| Vehicle registration | WB-64/63 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Cooch Behar (SC) |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Cooch Behar Uttar (SC),Cooch Behar Dakshin,Natabari |
| Website | coochbehar |
Cooch Behar (/ˌkuːtʃbɪˈhɑːr/), orKoch Bihar, is a city and a municipality on the bank ofRiver Torsa in theIndian state ofWest Bengal. It is the headquarters of theCooch Behar district. It is in the foothills of theEastern Himalayas at26°22′N89°29′E / 26.367°N 89.483°E /26.367; 89.483. Cooch Behar is aplanned city.[6] Being one of the main tourist destinations of West Bengal, housing theCooch Behar Palace andMadan Mohan Temple, it has been declared a heritage city.[7] It is the maternal home ofGayatri Devi, the consort of the ruler of the formerJaipur State.
During theBritish Raj, Cooch Behar was the seat of theprincely state ofKoch Bihar, ruled by theKoch dynasty. On 20 August 1949, Cooch Behar District was transformed from a princely state to its present status, with the city of Cooch Behar as its headquarters.[8]
The nameCooch Behar is derived from two words— Cooch, a corrupted form of the wordKoch, the name of theKoch tribes, and the wordBehar is derived fromvihara meaningland. Koch Behar meansland of the Koches.[9][10]
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Cooch Behar formed part of theKamarupa Kingdom of Assam from the 4th to the 12th. In the 13th century, the area became a part of theKamata Kingdom. TheKhens ruled until about 1498CE, when they fell toAlauddin Hussain Shah, the independent Sultan ofGour. The new invaders fought with the localBhuyan chieftains and theAhom kingSuhungmung and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful, proclaimed itselfKamateshwar (Lord of Kamata), and established the Koch dynasty.[citation needed]
The first important Koch ruler was Bisu, later calledBiswa Singha, who came to power in 1515 CE.[11] Under his son,Nara Narayan, the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.[12] Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj (Chilarai), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.
As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Koch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when it shifted to Cooch Behar town. Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha toGuriahati (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of theTorsa river between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.
In 1661 CE, Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However,Mir Jumla, thesubedar ofBengal under the Mughal emperorAurangazeb, attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.[13]The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.[14] Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.
Between 1772 and 1773, theBhutanese Desi attacked and seized control of Cooch Behar. In response, Cooch Behar entered into a defence treaty with theEnglish East India Company on 5 April 1773, to drive out the Bhutanese invaders. During this period, Bhutanese coins were minted in Cooch Behar.[15] Once the Bhutanese were expelled, Cooch Behar was reinstated as a princely state under the aegis of the British East India Company.[16][17]
Cooch Behar Palace is built after classical Italian architecture. The dome of the Palace is in Italian style, resembling the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome. It had been built-in 1887, during the reign of MaharajaNripendra Narayan.[14] In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter ofBrahmo preacherKeshab Chandra Sen. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.[18] Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.[19]
Under an agreement between the king ofCooch Behar and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, MaharajaJagaddipendra Narayan transferred full authority, jurisdiction, and power of the state to the DominionGovernment of India, effective 12 September 1949.[8] Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.[8]
Cooch Behar is in the foothills ofEastern Himalayas, at26°22′N89°29′E / 26.367°N 89.483°E /26.367; 89.483 in theNorth of West Bengal. It is the largest town and district headquarters ofCooch Behar District, with an area of 8.29 km2 (3.20 sq mi).[20]
TheTorsa River flows by the western side of town. Heavy rains often cause strong river currents and flooding. The turbulent water carries huge amounts of sand, silt, and pebbles, which hurt crop production as well as the hydrology of the region.[21] Alluvial deposits from the soil, which is acidic.[21] The soil depth varies from 15 to 50 cm (5.9 to 19.7 in), superimposed on a bed of sand. The foundation materials are igneous and metamorphic rocks at a depth of 1,000 to 1,500 m (3,300 to 4,900 ft). The soil has low levels ofnitrogen with moderate levels ofpotassium andphosphorus. Deficiencies ofboron,zinc,calcium,magnesium, andsulphur are high.[21]
Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region, and most low-lying lands lie in the Dinhata region. The elevation of the town is 48 meters above mean sea level. TheTorsa river flows by the western side of town. The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are theTeesta,Jaldhaka,Torsha,Kaljani,Raidak, Gadadhar, and Ghargharia.
The town of Cooch Behar and its surrounding regions facedeforestation due to increasing demand for fuel and timber, along with air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic. The local flora includes palms, bamboo, creepers, ferns, orchids, aquatic plants, fungi, timber, grass, vegetables, and fruit trees. Migratory birds and many local species are found in the city, especially around theSagardighi and other water bodies.[22]
In 1976, the Cooch Behar district became home to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (nowJaldapara National Park), which has an area of 217 km2 (83.8 sq mi).[23] It shares the park with the Alipurduar district.[23]
Cooch Behar has a moderate climate characterised by heavy rainfall during the monsoons and slight rainfall from October to March. The city does not experience very high temperatures at any time of the year. The daily maximum temperature is 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) in August, the hottest month, and the daily minimum temperature is 9.2 °C (48.6 °F) in January, the coldest month.[24] The highest temperature in Cooch Behar was 41.0 °C, recorded on 11 September 1977; the lowest temperature recorded was 3.3 °C, reported on 28 January 1982.[24] The atmosphere is highly humid. The rainy season lasts from June to September. The average annual rainfall in the city is 3,562 mm (140.2 in).[24]
| Climate data for Cooch Behar (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) | 32.6 (90.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 39.4 (102.9) | 39.9 (103.8) | 40.3 (104.5) | 38.9 (102.0) | 38.0 (100.4) | 41.0 (105.8) | 36.1 (97.0) | 34.5 (94.1) | 33.4 (92.1) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.5 (81.5) | 29.6 (85.3) | 34.2 (93.6) | 35.5 (95.9) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.6 (96.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.2 (93.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 28.9 (84.0) | 37.3 (99.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.9 (85.8) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.7 (90.9) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.2 (88.2) | 29.2 (84.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.7 (85.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.5 (72.5) | 24.5 (76.1) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 24.5 (76.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 15.3 (59.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 18.8 (65.8) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.7 (53.1) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.8 (71.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 21.8 (71.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 6.0 (42.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) | 3.6 (38.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 8.1 (46.6) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.2 (64.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.7 (67.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 8.2 (46.8) | 3.9 (39.0) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 10.8 (0.43) | 14.9 (0.59) | 46.8 (1.84) | 173.7 (6.84) | 363.8 (14.32) | 683.4 (26.91) | 776.1 (30.56) | 597.9 (23.54) | 487.3 (19.19) | 160.8 (6.33) | 8.7 (0.34) | 3.0 (0.12) | 3,327.4 (131.00) |
| Average rainy days | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 14.4 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 16.5 | 13.5 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 101.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 74 | 64 | 56 | 64 | 73 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 74 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[25][24][26] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 26,299,980 | — |
| 1961 | 34,926,279 | +32.8% |
| 1971 | 44,312,011 | +26.9% |
| 1981 | 54,580,647 | +23.2% |
| 1991 | 68,077,965 | +24.7% |
| 2001 | 80,176,197 | +17.8% |
| 2011 | 91,276,115 | +13.8% |
| Source:[27][verification needed] | ||
| Religion in Cooch Behar[28] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism | 74.05% | |||
| Islam | 25.54% | |||
| Jainism | 0.66% | |||
| Christianity | 0.14% | |||
| Others | 0.18% | |||
In the 2011 census, the Cooch Beharurban agglomeration had a population of 2,89,434, of which 1,46,626 were male and 1,42,808 were female. The 0–6 years population was 7,910. The effective literacy rate for the urban population was 80.59%.[30][31]
According to the 2011 census, the Cooch Behar Municipal area has a population of 77,935.[32] The decadal growth rate for the population is 1.38%. The sex ratio is 972 females per 1,000 males.[33] Males constitute 50.6% of the population, and females constitute 49.4%. Cooch Behar has an average literacy rate of 74.78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. The male literacy rate is 80.71%, while the female literacy rate is 68.49%.[34][35]
The major religions practised in Cooch Behar areHinduism (76.44%) followed byIslam (25.54%).[28] Commonly spoken languages areBengali andHindi.[29]
Cooch Behar Municipality is responsible for the civic administration of the town. The municipality consists of a board of councillors, elected from each of the 20 wards[36] and a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. TheAll India Trinamool Congress controls the municipality. The state government looks after education, health, and tourism.
The town is in theCooch Behar constituency and elects one member to theLok Sabha (theLower House of theIndian Parliament). The town area is covered by one assembly constituency, Cooch Behar Dakshin, that elects one member to theVidhan Sabha, which is theWest Bengal state legislative assembly.[37] Cooch Behar town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police (which is a part of thestate police); theSuperintendent of Police oversees security and matters about law and order. Cooch Behar is home to the District Court.
Cooch Behar is a well-planned town,[38] and the municipality is responsible for providing essential services such aspotable water andsanitation. The city supplies water using its groundwater resources, and almost all the houses in the municipal area are connected. Solid waste is collected every day by the municipality van from individual homes. The surface drains, mostly cemented, drain into the Torsa River. Electricity is supplied by theWest Bengal State Electricity Board, and theWest Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services like fire tenders. Most roads are metalled (macadam), and street lighting is available throughout the town. The Public Works Department is responsible for road maintenance and the streets connecting Cooch Behar with other regional cities. Health services in Cooch Behar include a government-owned District Hospital, a Regional Cancer Centre, and private nursing homes. Utility services provided in Cooch Behar are considered one of the best government utility services in West Bengal. However, the city floods during heavy rain due to problems with the drainage system.
The city has one district hospital, formerly MJN Hospital, which has 400 beds. The hospital has now been converted toCooch Behar Government Medical College and Hospital.[39] The city also offers numerous multi-speciality hospitals such as Shubham Hospital, Cooch Behar Mission Hospital and Dr. P K Saha Hospital Pvt. Ltd.[40]
The municipality has four daily markets, two wholesale markets, and eight commercial complexes.[41] Apart from these, two new malls have also opened recently.[42]
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The central and state governments are among the major employers in Cooch Behar town.[43] Cooch Behar is home to several district-level and divisional-level offices and has a large government-employee workforce. Business is mainly centered on retail goods; the main centers lie on B.S. Road, Rupnarayan Road, Keshab Road, and Bhawaniganj Bazar.
Anindustrial park has been built atChakchaka, 4 km (2.5 mi) from town, on the route toTufanganj. A number of companies have set up industries there.[44]
Farming is a significant source of livelihood for the nearby rural populace, and it supplies the town with fruits and vegetables. Poorer sections of this semi-rural society are involved in transport, primary agriculture, small shops, and manual labour in construction.
Cooch Behar has witnessed radical changes and rapid development in segments like industry, real estate, information technology firms, and education since the advent of the twenty-first century. The changes concern infrastructure and industrial growth for steel (direct reduced iron), metal, cement, and knowledge-based industries. Many engineering, technology, management, and professional study colleges have opened at Cooch Behar. Housing co-operatives, flats, shopping malls, hotels, and stadiums have also emerged.
As the town is near the international border, theBorder Security Force (BSF) maintains a significant presence in the vicinity. This gives rise to a large population of semi-permanent residents, who bring revenue to the economy. The state government is trying to promote Cooch Behar as a tourist destination. Though income from tourism is low,[45] Cooch Behar is one of the major tourist attractions in West Bengal.
Every year during the Ras Purnima, the city hostsRas Mela, one of the largest and oldest fairs in West Bengal. The fair is older than 200 years. Cooch Behar Municipality organises the fair in Ras Mela ground near ABN Seal College. During the fair, it becomes a central economic hub of the North Bengal region. Merchants and sellers from all over India and also from Bangladesh join this fair. Earlier, the Maharajas of Cooch Behar used to inaugurate the fair by moving the Ras Chakra, and now the work is executed by theDistrict Magistrate of Cooch Behar District. TheRas Chakra is considered a symbol of communal harmony because an artisanal Muslim family builds it from scratch. A huge crowd gathers in Cooch Behar from neighbouringAssam,Jalpaiguri,Alipurduar, and the wholeNorth Bengal during the fair.
NovelistAmiya Bhushan Majumdar was born, raised, and worked in Cooch Behar. Cooch Behar, with its people, culture, and the river Torsha has been a recurrent theme in his novels.Apart from this, Cooch Behar has a rich history of Debate, Extempore, and Quizzing.
Cooch Behar is a significant tourist destination inWest Bengal. The main attractions are:
It is the main attraction of the city, having been modelled afterBuckingham Palace inLondon and built in 1887 during the reign ofMaharaja Nripendra Narayan. It is a brick-built double-story structure in the classical Western style covering 51,309 square feet (4,766.8 square metres). The whole structure stands 395 feet (120 m) long, 296 feet (90 m) wide and rests 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) above ground. The Palace is fronted on the ground and first floors by a series of arcaded verandahs with their piers arranged alternately in single and double rows.
The Palace projects slightly at the southern and northern ends, and in the center is a projected porch providing an entrance to theDurbar Hall. The Hall has an elegantly shaped metal dome topped by a cylindrical louvre-type ventilator. This is 124 feet (38 m) high from the ground and is in the style ofRenaissance architecture. The intros of the dome are carved in stepped patterns, andCorinthian columns support the base of thecupola. This adds variegated colours and designs to the entire surface.
There are various halls in the palace and rooms, including the Dressing Room, Bed Room, Drawing Room, Dining Hall, Billiard hall, Library, Toshakhana, Lady's Gallery, and Vestibules. The articles and precious objects that these rooms and halls used to contain are now lost. The original palace was three storied but was destroyed by a 19th-century earthquake measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale. The palace shows the acceptance of the European idealism of the Koch kings and the fact that they had embraced European culture without denouncing their Indian heritage.[46]
Sagardighi is one of the "Great Ponds" in the heart of Cooch Behar, West Bengal. The name means an ocean-like pond, exaggerated given its great significance. As well as being popular with people, it attractsmigratory birds each winter. It is surrounded by many important administrative buildings, like the District Magistrates Office, the Administrative Building ofNorth Bengal State Transport Corporation, BSNL's DTO Office in the West; the Office of the Superintendent of Police, the District Library, the Municipality Building in the South, the Office of BLRO, the State Bank of India's Cooch Behar Main Branch and many others in the East, the RTO office, the Foreigner's registration office, the District Court in the North and others. Most of these buildings are remnants of royal heritage.[47]
Cooch Behar is very well connected by road to neighbouring areas, other cities of West Bengal and the rest of the country. Cooch Behar is a major roadway junction after Siliguri towardsNortheast India andBangladesh.NH-17 crosses through the heart of the city, connecting Assam andNorth Bengal. Apart from this, state highways including SH-16 and SH-12A, pass through Cooch Behar, connecting different places in West Bengal.[48][49]
North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC), a state government-run transport corporation headquartered in Cooch Behar, runs regular bus service to most places in West Bengal. Private buses are also available, which operate from bus stops or designated pick-up spots to various tows inAssam,Bihar, andWest Bengal. City services from NBSTC are also available for riders to commute from different parts of a city.[50][51]
Being a popular tourism hub,[53] Cooch Behar is well connected through railway with almost all parts of the country. Two stations serve the city.
Cooch Behar Airport is adomestic airport located near the city. It handles daily flights fromNetaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport inKolkata.[60]
The nearestinternational airport isBagdogra Airport nearSiliguri, about 142 km (88 mi) from Cooch Behar.IndiGo,Vistara andSpice Jet are the major carriers that connect the area toDelhi,Kolkata,Guwahati,Mumbai, Chennai, Bangkok,Paro,Bangkok andChandigarh.
Cooch Behar's schools usually use English and Bengali as theirmedium of instruction, although the use of theHindi language is also stressed. The schools are affiliated with theIndian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or theCentral Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), or theWest Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Some of the reputed schools includeJenkins School,Sunity Academy, andCooch Behar Rambhola High School.
Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University is the only single university in Cooch Behar. It is a U.G.C. recognisedpublic university in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. The university was named after the 19th-centuryRajbongshi leader and social reformist,Panchanan Barma. A total of 15 colleges from the Cooch Behar district are affiliated with the university.[61][62]
There are five colleges and a polytechnic in town,[63] includingA.B.N. Seal College,Cooch Behar College,University B.T. & Evening College,Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya, all of which are affiliated with theCooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, which was established in 2013.[64][65]Cooch Behar Polytechnic established in 1964, one of oldest Polytechnic Institute in Coochbehar district.
Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College was established in 1888 as Victoria College byMaharaja Nripendra Narayan ofKoch Bihar to enhance student capability in the Kingdom. The first principal was John Cornwallis Godley, who in 1895 became the second principal ofAitchison College inLahore. Later, Maharaja Nripendra Naryayan offered the post of principal toAcharya Brojendra Nath Seal, a Brahmo and philosopher, who remained in the post for eighteen years from 1896 to 1913. In 1950, when the state of Cooch Behar was merged into the Union of India, governance was passed to the Government of West Bengal. It was earlier affiliated with theUniversity of Calcutta andUniversity of North Bengal and is now affiliated withCooch Behar Panchanan Barma University after the creation of the same. In 1970, it was renamed Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College. It is one of the few colleges under the Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University to offer postgraduate education. The college is in the heart of the town with a campus of 13.27 acres (53,700 m2) and a built-up area of 9032.96 sq. meters.[66]
1981 theMaya Chitram Art Institute was founded in Cooch Behar.[67] There is an agricultural university,Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, 16 km from the town atPundibari. A medical college namedMaharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital began instruction in 2019 with 100 students.[68]
Cooch Behar Government Engineering College started its first academic session in 2016.[69]
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Cooch Behar travel guide from Wikivoyage
Cities and towns inCooch Behar district | |||||||||||
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| Cities,municipal andcensus towns |
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| Locations other than cities and towns |
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| Related topics | |||||||||||
| Part A States |  | |
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| Part B States | ||
| Part C States | ||
| Part D States | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
