1 Designs for KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes differ for the two constituent polities, the FBiH and RS, in some aspects, including images and order of scripts. The residual KM 200 banknote and all of the coins are identical for both polities.
Theconvertible mark (Bosnian;sign:KM;code:BAM) is thecurrency ofBosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100pfenig orfening and locally abbreviatedKM.[1] While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) andRepublika Srpska (RS), the designs of the KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes are differentiated for each polity.
The names derive fromGerman. The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, have adopted the German nounsMark andPfennig as loanwordsmarka andpfenig. The Official Gazette of BiH (Bosnian:Službeni glasnik BiH), Official newspaper of FBiH (Bosnian:Službene novine FBiH) and other official documents recognisedpfenig or пфениг[2] (depending on the script; Serbian and Bosnian use both Latin and Cyrillic, while Croatian uses only Latin) as the name of the subdivision. Most, however, consider the "pf" cluster in "pfenig" to be nigh unpronounceable, so the pronunciation was practically immediately reduced to "fenig", which eventually gave rise to the "fening" misspelling.Banknotes of 50 fenings circulated from 1998 to 2003.[1] They were denoted "50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA" / "50 КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ ПФЕНИГА"; technically, the wordconvertible should not qualify the wordpfenig because only the mark is convertible.[3](SeeErrors for all of the errors on banknotes and coins.) Coins of 10, 20, and 50 pfenigs have circulated since 1998 (the 5-pfenigs coin was released in 2006). All of them are inscribed "~ feninga" / "~ фенинга" on theobverse. The misspellingfening/фенинг has never been corrected, and it took such a hold that it was officially adopted and not recognised as incorrect.[1] Due to the overall confusion surrounding the foreign name of the currency, most people call the convertible mark simply "marka" ("mark") while pfennigs are referred to as "kovanice" ("nickels").
Serbo-Croatian is subject to acase system. For the purposes of pluralizing currency terms, three situations are relevant:
In combination with numbers 1, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 101, 1001, et cetera (i. e. all numbers ending in "1" except 11), nouns use thenominative casesingular (the base form):
màrka(màr:a – short vowel, rising tone) andpfénig/féning((p)fé:e – short vowel, rising tone)
In combination with numbers whose final digit is 2, 3, or 4 (except 12, 13, and 14), nouns use the genitive casesingular (the "paucal form"):
màrke(màr:a – short vowel, rising tone) andpféniga/féninga((p)fé:e – short vowel, rising tone)
In combination with numbers 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 100, 1000, 10000, et cetera (i. e. all numbers ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 11, 12, 13, or 14), nouns use thegenitive case plural:
mȁrākā(mȁr:a – short vowel, falling tone; vowelsā are not accented but have genitive length) andpfénīgā/fénīngā((p)fé:e – short vowel, rising tone; vowelsī andā are not accented but have genitive length)
For the pfenig, the plural ispfeniga/feninga with a short unaccenteda, whereas the genitive plural is the samepfeniga/feninga but with a long unaccentedi anda. A syllable after an accented syllable whose vowel is pronounced long and with a continuous tone, i. e. neither rising or falling, is said to have agenitive length (although the word does not necessarily have to be in the genitive case in order to have genitive length on its syllable; it can be in thelocative also).
These matters should be noted when the local names are used in English. For example, the English plural "ten pfenigas" / "ten feningas" is incorrect because the finala in the BSC pluralpfeniga/feninga already indicates the plural. Therefore "ten pfenigs" / "ten fenings" should be used. TheCentral Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural.[1] Likewise, "twenty-one markas", "two markes", and "twelve marakas" are incorrect; "twenty-one marks", "two marks", and "twelve marks", respectively, are correct.
In December 1998, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 fenings. Coins of 5 fenings, KM 1, KM 2 and KM 5 were introduced later.[1] The coins were designed by Bosnian designerKenan Zekić[4] and minted at theRoyal Mint inLlantrisant (Wales,UK).[1]
In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings, KM 1, KM 5, KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100. KM 200 notes were added in 2002, while the 50-fening and KM 1 and KM 5 notes were later withdrawn from circulation. All current notes are valid throughout the nation.[1]
The Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina issues the banknotes, with distinct designs for the constituent polities of theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and theRepublika Srpska,1 except for the largest denomination, i. e. the KM 200 note. The banknotes are legal tender throughout the country. On the notes for the Republika Srpska, inscriptions are printed first in Cyrillic and then Latin script, and vice versa. Banknotes, with the exception of the KM 200 note, are printed by the French companyOberthur.[1][5]
The portraits ofIvan Franjo Jukić andMeša Selimović, which are both writers, were featured by consensus between both entities on all KM 1 and KM 5 notes used between 1998 and 2010.[1]
On 15 May 2002, a KM 200 banknote, designed byRobert Kalina, was introduced during a promotion that was held in the Central Bank of BH. The reverse design which depicts a bridge is meant to resemble the euro banknotes, which were also designed by Robert Kalina. After an international tender, the Austrian company Oesterreichische Banknoten und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH (OeBS) inVienna was chosen to print the notes. Initially, six million were ordered.[13]
Banknotes of the convertible mark for both entities (2002–present)[1]
Initially the mark was pegged to theDeutsche Mark at par. Since the replacement of the German mark by theeuro in 2002, the Bosnian convertible mark uses the samefixed exchange rate to euro that the German mark had (that is,1EUR = 1.95583BAM).[1]
Detail on KM 1 banknote forRepublika Srpska with misspelled name ofIvo Andrić written in Cyrillic as "ИВО АНДРИЂ / IVO ANDRIĐ" instead of "ИВО АНДРИЋ / IVO ANDRIĆ"
Banknotes and coins of Bosnia and Herzegovina have many mistakes and inconsistencies.[1]
Officially, only one banknote has not been released in circulation because of a mistake, even though other banknotes with mistakes had been issued.[1]
These are the most important mistakes that have been noticed to date:
Both designs of the 50 fening banknote imprinted the adjective "convertible" next to the noun "pfenig", although only the mark has the "convertible" prefix ("50KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA" / "50КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ ПФЕНИГА").[3]
The KM 1 banknote forRepublika Srpska was imprinted "ИВО АНДРИЂ / IVO ANDRIĐ" instead of "ИВО АНДРИЋ / IVO ANDRIĆ". This banknote was immediately removed from circulation.[a]
Both designs of the KM 5 banknote had the Cyrillic word "five" incorrectly printed in Latin script on its reverse ("PET КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ МАРАКА", instead of "ПЕТ ..."). Also, Meša Selimović's name is written in Cyrillic as "Меща Селимовић" instead of "Meша Селимовић" (the letterщ is not even used in any of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
The KM 10 banknote forRepublika Srpska, first series, 1998, hadAleksa Šantić's name printed in Latin script although it should have been printed in Cyrillic script as it is on all other examples of the 1998 series.
Both designs of the KM 100 banknote[which?] were incorrectly printed with the Cyrillic abbreviation of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina with "Џ / Dž" instead of "Ц / C" (i. e. "ЏББХ /DžBBH" instead of "ЦББХ /CBBH") in the safety bar.
In 2017, Edin Bujak of the Department of Archaeology of the Faculty of Philosophy inSarajevo noticed a mistake on the KM 10 banknote for the Federation of B&H. The picture of thestećak on the reverse is actually a picture of a stećak from Križevići, Olovo and not from theRadimlja necropolis as stated on the banknote. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina confirmed this mistake, and it will be corrected in future printing of the banknote.[14]
The name of the subdivision of the convertible mark has been incorrectly engraved on coins: the word "pfenig" has been engraved as "fening". This mistake has taken such a hold, especially because there were and are no 50 pfenig/fening banknotes in circulation, that "fening" was officially adopted as the name of the hundredth unit of the KM and is not recognized as incorrect.[1]
^ This Republika Srpska issue of KM 1 was immediately removed from circulation because of a typo. Instead of "Иво Андрић" it was written "Иво Андриђ". The decision not to release into the circulation the banknote in denominations of 1 convertible mark was published in Official Gazette of BiH (No 13/98).
^ This Republika Srpska issue of KM 5 is same as the one for FBiH but for RS issue denominations are written in Cyrillic script first and then in Latin (for FBiH issue vice versa).
^abcdefghijklmnopqrs"BH Currency – KM Banknotes and Coins".cbbh.ba. Sarajevo: Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina. p. 1. Archived fromthe original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved20 December 2015.Fening details: | Mint: Royal Mint, Llantrisant | Released into Circulation: December 9th, 1998, with the exception of the 5 fening coin which is in circulation from January 5, 2006. | Face: Map of BH with overlay of denomination | Reverse: Flag of BH | The Words: "Bosna i Hercegovina" and "Fening" are on the face and reverse edges in both Latin and Cyrillic script. The date of production is on the reverse side on the left from the BH flag. | 10, 20 and 50 fening coins are made of copper-plated steel, while 5 fening coin is made of nickel-plated steel.
^Mulaomerović, Jasminko (2004)."Novi numizmatičar" [New numismatist] (in Bosnian).2 (5) (3 (8) ed.). Sarajevo: Numizmatičko društvo – Sarajevo:20–21. Retrieved20 December 2015 – via Scribd.Mi, u našoj veseloj zemlji, imamo konvertibilnu marku kao novčanu jedinicu. Marka ima svoj najsitniji dio koji se zovepfenig. Tako kažeSlužbeni glasnik BiH, a Službeni glasnik – to ti je zakon. Ko misli da to i nije baš zakon, jer se tu objavljuju stvari koje se tiču vesele zemlje Bosne i Hercegovine, tu su iSlužbene novine Federacije BiH koje to potvrđuju, i to na sva tri jezika i u dva pisma. (...) Međutim, imamo mi i kovanice. Iako su i one dijelovi marke, samo odmetala, one se kod nas drugačije zovu –fening. Tako na kovanicama možemo pročitati 10 feninga, 20 feninga i 50 feninga.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
^abMulaomerović, Jasminko (2004)."Novi numizmatičar" [New numismatist] (in Bosnian).2 (5) (3 (8) ed.). Sarajevo: Numizmatičko društvo – Sarajevo:20–21. Retrieved20 December 2015 – via Scribd.... i u dva pisma. Da je to tako vidi se na novčanicama od 50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA, i onim sa Skenderom Kulenovićem i onim sa Brankom Ćopićem. Doduše, „Službeni(e)..." i stvarne novčanice se malo razilaze u detaljima pa tako u Službeni(e)... imamo „konvertibilnu marku, apoen od 50 pfeniga", a na novčanicama „50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA". Dakle, prema Službeni(e)... marka jeste konvertibilna, ali pfenig nije, dok je prema novčanici i PFENIG konvertibilan. Ima tu još malo nejasnoća oko velikog i malog slova u riječi „pfenig", ali kao da je to, uostalom, i važno, i ko će sve to, bogati, gledati!?{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
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